Leviathan (1651)

LEVIATHAN,

OR

The Matter, Forme, & Power

OF A

COMMON-WEALTH

ECCLESIASTICALL
AND
CIVILL.


By Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury.



LONDON,
Printed for Andrew Crooke, at the Green Dragon
in St. Pauls Church-yard, 1651.

TO
MY MOST HONOR'D FRIEND
Mr FRANCIS GODOLPHIN
of Godolphin.


Honor'd Sir,

YOur most worthy Brother Mr Sidney Godolphin, when he lived, was pleas'd to think my studies something, and otherwise to oblige me, as you know, with reall testimonies of his good opinion, great in themselves, and the greater for the worthinesse of his person. For there is not any vertue that disposeth a man, either to the service of God, or to the service of his Country, to Civill Society, or private Friendship, that did not manifestly appear in his conversation, not as acquired by necessity, or affected upon occasion, but inhærent, and shining in a generous constitution of his nature. Therefore in honour and gratitude to him, and with devotion to your selfe, I humbly Dedicate unto you this my discourse of Common-wealth. I know not how the world will receive it, nor how it may reflect on those that shall seem to favour it. For in a way beset with those that contend, on one side for too great Liberty, and on the other side for too much Authority, 'tis hard to passe between the points of both unwounded. But yet, me thinks, the endeavour to advance the Civill Power, should not be by the Civill Power condemned; nor private men, by reprehending it, declare they think that Power too great. Besides, I speak not of the men, but (in the Abstract) of the Seat of Power, (like to those simple and unpartiall creatures in the Roman Capitol, that with their noyse defended those within it, not because they were they, but there,) offending none, I think, but those without, or such within (if there be any such) as favour them. That which perhaps may most offend, are certain Texts of Holy Scripture, alledged by me to other purpose than ordinarily they use to be by others. But I have done it with due submission, and also (in order to my Subject) necessarily; for they are the Outworks of the Enemy, from whence they impugne the Civill Power. If notwithstanding this, you find my labour generally decryed, you may be pleased to excuse your selfe, and say I am a man that love my own opinions, and think all true I say, that I honoured your Brother, and honour you, and have presum'd on that, to assume the Title (without your knowledge) of being, as I am,

Sir,

Your most humble, and most
obedient servant,

Tho. Hobbes.

Paris. Aprill 15 /25. 1651.

The Contents of the Chapters.


The first part,
Of Man.
Chap. Page.
  Introduction. 1
1. Of Sense. 3
2. Of Imagination. 4
3. Of the Consequence or Train of Imaginations. 8
4. Of Speech. 12
5. Of Reason and Science. 18
6. Of the interiour Beginnings of Voluntary Motions, commonly called the Passions; And the Speeches by which they are expressed. 23
7. Of the Ends or Resolutions of Discourse. 30
8. Of the Vertues, commonly called Intellectuall, and their contrary Defects. 32
9. Of the severall Subjects of Knowledge. 40
10. Of Power, Worth, Dignity, Honour, and Worthinesse. 41
11. Of the Difference of Manners. 47
12. Of Religion. 52
13. Of the Naturall Condition of Mankind as concerning their Felicity and Misery. 60
14. Of the first and second Naturall Lawes, and of Contract. 64
15. Of other Lawes of Nature. 71
16. Of Persons, Authors, and things Personated. 80

The second Part,
Of Common-wealth.
17. Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Common-wealth. 85
18. Of the Rights of Soveraignes by Institution. 88
19. Of severall Kinds of Common-wealth by Institution; and of Succession to the Soveraign Power. 94
20. Of Dominion Paternall, and Despoticall. 101
21. Of the Liberty of Subjects. 107
22. Of Systemes Subject, Politicall, and Private. 115
23. Of the Publique Ministers of Soveraign Power. 123
24. Of the Nutrition, and Procreation of a Common-wealth. 127
25. Of Counsell. 131
26. Of Civill Lawes. 136
27. Of Crimes, Excuses, and Extenuations. 151
28. Of Punishments, and Rewards. 161
29. Of those things that Weaken, or tend to the Dissolution of a Common-wealth. 167
30. Of the Office of the Soveraign Representative. 175
31. Of the Kingdome of God by Nature. 186

The third Part.
Of A Christian Common-wealth.
Chap. Page.
32. Of the Principles of Christian Politiques. 195
33. Of the Number, Antiquity, Scope, Authority, and Interpreters of the Books of Holy Scripture. 199
34. Of the signification, of Spirit, Angell, and Inspiration in the Books of Holy Scripture. 207
35. Of the signification in Scripture of the Kingdome of God, of Holy, Sacred, and Sacrament. 216
36. Of the Word of God, and of Prophets. 222
37. Of Miracles, and their use. 233
38. Of the signification in Scripture of Eternall life, Hel, Salvation, the World to come, and Redemption. 238
39. Of the Signification in Scripture of the word Church. 247
40. Of the Rights of the Kingdome of God, in Abraham, Moses, the High Priests, and the Kings of Judah. 249
41. Of the Office of our Blessed Saviour. 261
42. Of Power Ecclesiasticall. 267
43. Of what is Necessary for a mans Reception into the Kingdome of Heaven. 321

The fourth Part.
Of The Kingdome Of Darknesse.
44. Of Spirituall Darknesse from Misinterpretation of Scripture. 333
45. Of Dæmonology, and other Reliques of the Religion of the Gentiles. 352
46. Of Darknesse from Vain Philosophy, and Fabulous Traditions. 367
47. Of the Benefit proceeding from such Darknesse; and to whom it accreweth. 381
 
  A Review and Conclusion. 389

Errata.

Page 48. In the Margin, for love Praise, read love of Praise. p. 75. l. 5. for signied, r. signified. p. 88. l. 1. for performe, r. forme. l. 35. for Soveraign, r. the Soveraign. p. 94. l. 14. for lands, r. hands. p. 100. l. 28. for in, r. in his. p. 102. l. 46. for in, r. is. p. 105. in the margin, for ver. 10. r. ver. 19. &c. p. 116. l. 46. for are involved, r. are not involved. p. 120. l. 42. for Those Bodies, r. These Bodies. p. 137. l. 2. for in generall. r. in generall,. p. 139. l. 36. for were, r. where. p. 166. l. 18. for benefit. r. benefits. p. 200. l. 48. dele also. l. 49. for delivered, r. deliver. p. 203. l. 35. for other, r. higher. p. 204. l. 15. for and left, r. if left. l. 39. for write, r. writt. p. 206. l. 19. for of the, r. over the. p. 234. l. 1. for but of, r. but by mediation of. l. 15. dele and. l. 38. for putting, r. pulling. p. 262. l. 19. for tisme, r. Baptisme. p. 268. l. 48. for that the, r. that. p. 271. l. 1. for observe, r. obey. l. 4. for contrary the, r. contrary to the. p. 272. l. 36. for our Saviours of life, r. of our Saviours life. p. 275. l. 18. for if shall, r. if he shall. l. 30. for haven, r. heaven. l. 45. for of Church, r. of the Church. p. 276. l. 38. dele inter. l. 46. dele are. p. 285. l. 11. for he had, r. he hath. p. 287. l. 10. dele of. p. 298. l. 36. for to ay, r. to Lay. p. 361. l. 36. for him, r. them.

This work was published before January 1, 1930, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.

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