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constituent features, with one exception, have been dropped. All the boycotts, save that of foreign cloth, have been withdrawn. The fact is an open proclamation of its failure on the part of the leaders of the movement. A victorious general rushing to an assured triumph, with the monuments of his success strewn around him, would never think of abandoning, suspending or modifying his programme. It is a confession of failure, which no plea, however plausible and however closely it may be linked with a great name, can obscure. By all impartial spectators its doom was indeed foreseen and was felt to be inevitable. As far as the great leaders were concerned, Non-Co-operation had its roots in an intense and consuming love of country, coupled with hatred of the British Government, and all associated with it in the administration of the country. But as regards the non-co-operating 'masses, hatred of the British Govern- ment, its officials, and Englishmen in general, was the inspiring impulse. And when a sentiment is firmly rooted in the public mind grows and expands. And from a hatred of the Government to that of political and religious opponents and of other castes and creeds, the transition was rapid and irresistible. Mr. Gandhi is my authority for it. He said that 'it was apparent that Non-Co-operation could not, in the present state of things, be presented by the nation as a national programme', for, said he, 'they were non-co-operating among themselves by carrying on a programme of hatred and violence amongst themselves.' It is this sentiment of hatred fostered amongst the masses, directed in the first instance against the British Government, that came, by a natural process of growth, to be ex- tended to all others who worshipped in a different temple, culminat- ing in those communal and caste feuds that have darkened our recent history. I cannot help thinking that these leaders were play- ing with fire, and they have intensified a feeling already latent, that in its development has been attended with disastrous results. Of course, we all admire the supreme solicitude and the earnest efforts of Mr. Gandhi to secure Hindu-Moslem unity. But, in judging of the communal strifes, which we all deplore, let us not, for the sake of historic justice, forget the part the Non-Co-operation movement had in fostering and promoting it.