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the time in which the flowering plants first appeared, when the transformation was made from a Jurassic to an Upper Cretaceous and essentially modern flora. In the varying

Fig. 9.—Recent Japanese cycads, showing the character of the vegetation in Jurassic time. (After Wieland.)

proportions of its main types of plants, the Lower Cretaceous flora discloses local differences of soil, altitude, humidity, and precipitation. The dominant late Jurassic types—the ferns, cycads, and conifers—continued without