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changes culminating in the enormous expansion of the brain and intelligence in man. The present author has published a series of works on the recent and fossil Primates, dealing especially with classification and phylogeny as founded on studies of skull structure, dentition, and various parts of the skeleton, in which the same general sequence as that derived from a study of the brain has been worked out. With the collaboration of Dr. Milo Hellman, the writer finds that, as formerly suggested by Dubois, the Miocene and Pliocene group of anthropoids called Dryopithecus clearly foreshadow both the modern anthropoids and man, and that certain species of this broadly inclusive “genus” appear to be at least not distantly related to the actual common ancestor of man and chimpanzee. Remane, after the most profound studies, has shown that the canine teeth and anterior premolars of man retain many tell-tale evidences of derivation from a stage in which these teeth were like those of certain female chimpanzees; and the great anthropologist Schwalbe left as his legacy to the world a masterly analysis in which he endorsed the conclusion that man and the chimpanzee are the offshoots of an ancient common stock. Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, although formerly doubting the derivation of man from an arboreal stock, now finally accepts the remote arboreal origin of man and the derivation of both man and anthropoids from a common anthropoidean stock. He therefore differs from the present writer chiefly in inferring that even as far back as Lower Oligocene time the cleavage between man and apes had already begun. But whether this cleavage took place in Lower Oligocene time or somewhat later, the conclusion remains, based upon a vast accumulation of evidence, that the higher anthropoids, especially the chimpanzee and the gorilla, are man’s nearest surviving relatives, and that the