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THE OPEN DOOR
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ments? The germs of such arrangements are to be found in the Congo Conference of Berlin in 1881-85, in which were represented England, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, the United States, France, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden-Norway, Turkey. "This Conference stipulated freedom of commerce, interdiction of slave-trade, and neutralization of the territories in the Congo district, and secured freedom of navigation on the Rivers Congo and Niger."[1] A somewhat similar international agreement was made, first in 1880 at the Madrid Convention, afterwards in 1906 at the Algeciras Convention for the economic internationalization of Morocco. Though in the earlier Convention only the nations immediately interested were represented, the most notable outcome was the extension to all nations of "the most-favoured nation treatment," hitherto confined to France and Britain. The treaty was signed by all the Western European

  1. ↑ Oppenheim, "International Law," vol. ii., p. 71.
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