стена
Bulgarian
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stenàti.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈstɛnɐ]
Verb
сте́на • (sténa) first-singular present indicative, impf
Conjugation
Conjugation of сте́на (conjugation 1.2, imperfective, intransitive)
| participles | present active participle | past active aorist participle | past active imperfect participle | past passive participle | verbal noun | adverbial participle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | indefinite | сте́нещ sténešt |
сте́нал, стена́л1 sténal, stenál1 |
сте́нел sténel |
— | сте́нейки sténejki | |
| definite subject form | сте́нещият sténeštijat |
сте́налият, стена́лият1 sténalijat, stenálijat1 |
— | — | |||
| definite object form | сте́нещия sténeštija |
сте́налия, стена́лия1 sténalija, stenálija1 |
— | — | |||
| feminine | indefinite | сте́неща sténešta |
сте́нала, стена́ла1 sténala, stenála1 |
сте́нела sténela |
— | ||
| definite | сте́нещата sténeštata |
сте́налата, стена́лата1 sténalata, stenálata1 |
— | — | |||
| neuter | indefinite | сте́нещо sténešto |
сте́нало, стена́ло1 sténalo, stenálo1 |
сте́нело sténelo |
— | сте́нене sténene | |
| definite | сте́нещото sténeštoto |
сте́налото, стена́лото1 sténaloto, stenáloto1 |
— | — | сте́ненето sténeneto | ||
| plural | indefinite | сте́нещи sténešti |
сте́нали, стена́ли1 sténali, stenáli1 |
сте́нели sténeli |
— | сте́нения, сте́ненета sténenija, sténeneta | |
| definite | сте́нещите sténeštite |
сте́налите, стена́лите1 sténalite, stenálite1 |
— | — | сте́ненията, сте́ненетата sténenijata, sténenetata | ||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present | сте́на sténa |
сте́неш sténeš |
сте́не sténe |
сте́нем sténem |
сте́нете sténete |
сте́нат sténat | |
| imperfect | сте́нех sténeh |
сте́неше sténeše |
сте́неше sténeše |
сте́нехме sténehme |
сте́нехте sténehte |
сте́неха sténeha | |
| aorist | сте́нах, стена́х1 sténah, stenáh1 |
сте́на, стена́1 sténa, stená1 |
сте́на, стена́1 sténa, stená1 |
сте́нахме, стена́хме1 sténahme, stenáhme1 |
сте́нахте, стена́хте1 sténahte, stenáhte1 |
сте́наха, стена́ха1 sténaha, stenáha1 | |
| future | pos. | Use ще followed by the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| future in the past | pos. | Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present perfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | ||||||
| past perfect | Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future indicative tense of съм and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect in the past | Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | ||||||
| renarrative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and сте́нел m, сте́нела f, сте́нело n, or сте́нели pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | ||||||
| dubitative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and сте́нел m, сте́нела f, сте́нело n, or сте́нели pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | none
| ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conclusive | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and сте́нел m, сте́нела f, сте́нело n, or сте́нели pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conditional | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and сте́нал/стена́л1 m, сте́нала/стена́ла1 f, сте́нало/стена́ло1 n, or сте́нали/стена́ли1 pl | |||||||
| imperative | - | ти | - | - | вие | - | |
| стени́ stení |
стене́те stenéte |
||||||
1Dialectally marked.
Derived terms
verbs
- застена pf (zastena), застенвам impf (zastenvam)
- изстена pf (izstena), изстенвам impf (izstenvam)
- простена pf (prostena), простенвам impf (prostenvam)
- разстена се pf (razstena se), разстенвам се impf (razstenvam se)
Related terms
- стон (ston) (action noun)
References
- “сте́на (гл.)”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
- Nayden Gerov; Тодор Панчев (1904), “сте́нѫ, -ешь; -налъ”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language][1] (in Bulgarian), volume 5, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 256
- Todorov, T. A., Racheva, M., editors (2010), “стена”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 7 (слòво – теря̀свам), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 448
- “стенати”, in Старобългарски речник [Dictionary of Old Bulgarian] (in Bulgarian), https://histdict.uni-sofia.bg, 2011—2025
Etymology 2
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stěna, reflecting an earlier *staiˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”).
Noun
стена́ • (stená) f (dialectal, obsolete)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| indefinite | стена́ stená |
стени́ stení |
| definite | стена́та stenáta |
стени́те steníte |
Alternative forms
- стено́ n (stenó)
References
- Todorov, T. A., Racheva, M., editors (2010), “стена”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 7 (слòво – теря̀свам), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 447
Etymology 3
Either a secondary meaning of Etymology 2 or from a different *stěna, reflecting an earlier *stēˀgsnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”). Many scholars do not draw etymological distinction between the two senses.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [stɛˈna]
- Rhymes: -na
- Hyphenation(key): сте‧на
Noun
стена́ • (stená) f (relational adjective сте́нен) (standard)
- wall (of a building)
- стена на стая ― stena na staja ― a room's wall
- язовирна стена ― jazovirna stena ― a dam's wall
- surface, facet (of a shape)
- фигура с четери стени ― figura s četeri steni ― a figure with four faces
Usage
стена (stena) refers to any sort of external surface, regardless of make-up. Hyponyms зид (zid), дувар (duvar) specifically denote built-up walls, made of stone or bricks.
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| indefinite | стена́ stená |
стени́ stení |
| definite | стена́та stenáta |
стени́те steníte |
Derived terms
- стено- (steno-) (in compounds)
- стенола́зка (stenolázka, “wallcreeper”) (type of bird)
- стенопи́с (stenopís, “fresco”)
References
- “стена́ (същ.)”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
- “стена”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
- Nayden Gerov; Тодор Панчев (1904), “стѣна́”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language][2] (in Bulgarian), volume 5, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 280
Anagrams
Macedonian
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stěna.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈstɛna]
Audio: (file)
Noun
стена • (stena) f (plural стени)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| indefinite | стена (stena) | стени (steni) |
| definite unspecified | стената (stenata) | стените (stenite) |
| definite proximal | стенава (stenava) | стениве (stenive) |
| definite distal | стенана (stenana) | стенине (stenine) |
| vocative | стено (steno) | стени (steni) |
Russian
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stěna, see also English stone and stain.
Alternative forms
- стѣна́ (stěná) — pre-reform orthography (1918)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sʲtʲɪˈna]
Audio: (file)
Noun
стена́ • (stená) f inan (genitive стены́, nominative plural сте́ны, genitive plural стен, relational adjective стенно́й, diminutive сте́нка)
- wall
- запере́ться в четырёх стена́х ― zaperétʹsja v četyrjóx stenáx ― to immure oneself (literally, “to lock up oneself up in four walls”)
- би́ться голово́й об сте́ну ― bítʹsja golovój ob sténu ― to beat one's head against the wall
- как об сте́ну горо́х ― kak ob sténu goróx ― like talking to a wall
- как за ка́менной стено́й ― kak za kámennoj stenój ― safe (literally, “like behind a stone wall”)
Declension
Declension of стена́ (inan fem-form hard-stem accent-dʹ/fʹ)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | стена́ stená |
сте́ны stény |
| genitive | стены́ stený |
сте́н stén |
| dative | стене́ stené |
сте́нам, стена́м* sténam, stenám* |
| accusative | сте́ну sténu |
сте́ны stény |
| instrumental | стено́й, стено́ю stenój, stenóju |
сте́нами, стена́ми* sténami, stenámi* |
| prepositional | стене́ stené |
сте́нах, стена́х* sténax, stenáx* |
* Dated.
Derived terms
- засте́нок m (zasténok), засте́нки m pl (zasténki)
- засте́нный (zasténnyj)
- насте́нный (nasténnyj)
- присте́нок m (pristénok)
Compounds:
- стенгазе́та f (stengazéta)
- стеноби́тный (stenobítnyj)
Related terms
- засте́нчивый (zasténčivyj)
- Borrowed
Derived from German Stein:
- кронште́йн m (kronštéjn)
Descendants
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈstɛnə] (phonetic respelling: стэ́на)
Noun
сте́на • (stɛ́na) m inan
- genitive singular of стен (stɛn)
Serbo-Croatian
Alternative forms
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stěna.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /stěːna/
- Hyphenation: сте‧на
Noun
сте́на f (Latin spelling sténa)
- rock (naturally occurring aggregate of solid mineral matter)