नगर

See also: नांगर

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit नगर (nágara). Doublet of -नेर (-ner).

Pronunciation

(Delhi) IPA^(key): /nə.ɡəɾ/, [nɐ.ɡɐɾ]

Noun

नगर • (nagar) m (Urdu spelling نگر)

city, town
Synonym: शहर (śahar)

तुम किस नगर से आए हो?
tum kis nagar se āe ho?
What city do you come from?

Declension

Declension of *नगर* (masc cons-stem)
	singular	plural
direct	नगर nagar	नगर nagar
oblique	नगर nagar	नगरों nagarõ
vocative	नगर nagar	नगरो nagaro

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit नगर (nágara).

Noun

नगर • (nagar) n

city, town

References

Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “नगर”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

Nepali

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Sanskrit नगर (nagara).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [nʌɡ̞ʌr]
Phonetic Devanagari: नगर्

Noun

नगर • (nagar)

city, town

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [nʌ‿ɡʌɾʌ]
Phonetic Devanagari: न्a g्aर्a

Verb

नगर • (nagara)

inflection of गर्नु (garnu):
1. stem
2. second-person mid respect singular negative imperative

Newar

Etymology

From Sanskrit नगर (nagara).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [nəɡəɾə]

Noun

नगर • (nagara) ? (Newa Spelling 𑐣𑐐𑐬)

city, town

Old Gujarati

Etymology

From Sanskrit नगर (nagara).

Noun

नगर • (nagara) n

city

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

নগৰ (Assamese script)
ᬦᬕᬭ (Balinese script)
নগর (Bengali script)
𑰡𑰐𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀦𑀕𑀭 (Brahmi script)
နဂရ (Burmese script)
નગર (Gujarati script)
ਨਗਰ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌨𑌗𑌰 (Grantha script)
ꦤꦒꦫ (Javanese script)
𑂢𑂏𑂩 (Kaithi script)
ನಗರ (Kannada script)
នគរ (Khmer script)
ນຄຣ (Lao script)
നഗര (Malayalam script)
ᠨᠠᡤᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘡𑘐𑘨 (Modi script)
ᠨᠠᠺᠠᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑧁𑦰𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
𑐣𑐐𑐬 (Newa script)
ନଗର (Odia script)
ꢥꢔꢬ (Saurashtra script)
𑆤𑆓𑆫 (Sharada script)
𑖡𑖐𑖨 (Siddham script)
නගර (Sinhalese script)
𑩯𑩞𑩼 (Soyombo script)
𑚝𑚌𑚤 (Takri script)
நக³ர (Tamil script)
నగర (Telugu script)
นคร (Thai script)
ན་ག་ར (Tibetan script)
𑒢𑒑𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
𑨝𑨍𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Tedesco derives the word from a dissimilating Prakritization of an unattested compound *नृगर (*nṛgará, “gathering of men”), from नृ (nṛ) +‎ *गर (*gara), the latter related to ग्राम (grāma, “village”) and Ancient Greek ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (ăgorā́, “assembly”) (although Mayrhofer doubts Tedesco's derivation and considers the word to be borrowed from Dravidian to Indo-Aryan). It is likely the ultimate source of similar words in Dravidian; compare Old Tamil 𑀦𑀓𑀭𑁆 (nakar, “house, palace, temple, city”), Telugu నగరు (nagaru, “palace”). Southworth derives the word from Proto-South Dravidian *nakar.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /nɐ́.ɡɐ.ɾɐ/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /n̪ɐ.ɡɐ.ɾɐ/

Noun

नगर • (nágara or nagará) stem, n

town, city
- c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa 2.43.4:
  अथ स्म नगरे रामः चरन् भैक्षम् गृहे वसेत् ।
  काम कारः वरम् दातुम् अपि दासम् मम आत्मजम् ॥
  atha sma nagare rāmaḥ caran bhaikṣam gṛhe vaset.
  kāma kāraḥ varam dātum api dāsam mama ātmajam.
  2002 translation by K. M. K. Murthy
  Even giving my son to her as a slave would have been better. By that Rama would have at least stayed in the house by doing the work entrusted by her and roaming about in the city, asking alms.

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of नगर
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	नगरम् (nágaram)	नगरे (nágare)	नगराणि (nágarāṇi) नगरा¹ (nágarā¹)
accusative	नगरम् (nágaram)	नगरे (nágare)	नगराणि (nágarāṇi) नगरा¹ (nágarā¹)
instrumental	नगरेण (nágareṇa)	नगराभ्याम् (nágarābhyām)	नगरैः (nágaraiḥ) नगरेभिः¹ (nágarebhiḥ¹)
dative	नगराय (nágarāya)	नगराभ्याम् (nágarābhyām)	नगरेभ्यः (nágarebhyaḥ)
ablative	नगरात् (nágarāt)	नगराभ्याम् (nágarābhyām)	नगरेभ्यः (nágarebhyaḥ)
genitive	नगरस्य (nágarasya)	नगरयोः (nágarayoḥ)	नगराणाम् (nágarāṇām)
locative	नगरे (nágare)	नगरयोः (nágarayoḥ)	नगरेषु (nágareṣu)
vocative	नगर (nágara)	नगरे (nágare)	नगराणि (nágarāṇi) नगरा¹ (nágarā¹)

¹Vedic

Neuter a-stem declension of नगर
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	नगरम् (nagarám)	नगरे (nagaré)	नगराणि (nagarā́ṇi) नगरा¹ (nagarā́¹)
accusative	नगरम् (nagarám)	नगरे (nagaré)	नगराणि (nagarā́ṇi) नगरा¹ (nagarā́¹)
instrumental	नगरेण (nagaréṇa)	नगराभ्याम् (nagarā́bhyām)	नगरैः (nagaráiḥ) नगरेभिः¹ (nagarébhiḥ¹)
dative	नगराय (nagarā́ya)	नगराभ्याम् (nagarā́bhyām)	नगरेभ्यः (nagarébhyaḥ)
ablative	नगरात् (nagarā́t)	नगराभ्याम् (nagarā́bhyām)	नगरेभ्यः (nagarébhyaḥ)
genitive	नगरस्य (nagarásya)	नगरयोः (nagaráyoḥ)	नगराणाम् (nagarā́ṇām)
locative	नगरे (nagaré)	नगरयोः (nagaráyoḥ)	नगरेषु (nagaréṣu)
vocative	नगर (nágara)	नगरे (nágare)	नगराणि (nágarāṇi) नगरा¹ (nágarā¹)

¹Vedic

Derived terms

नागर (nāgara)

Descendants

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀡𑀬𑀭 (ṇayara)
- Old Gujarati: नयर (nayara)
  - Gujarati: નેર (ner)
- Hindi: -नेर (-ner)
→ Assamese: নগৰ (nôgôr)
→ Bengali: নগর (nogor)
→ Burmese: နဂိုရ် (na.guir); နဂရ (na.ga.ra.)
→ Chakma: 𑄚𑄧𑄉𑄧𑄢𑄴 (nagar)
→ Dhivehi: ނަގަރު (nagaru)
→ Gujarati: નગર (nagar)
→ Hindi: नगर (nagar)
→ Khmer: នគរ (nɔkɔɔ)
→ Kannada: ನಗರ (nagara)
→ Lao: ນະຄອນ (na khǭn)
→ Lü: ᦓᦅᦸᧃ (nkoan), ᦓᦅᦟ (nkl)
→ Malayalam: നഗരം (nagaraṁ)
→ Malay: negara (نݢارا)
- Indonesian: negara
  - → English: negara
→ Marathi: नगर (nagar)
→ Middle Khmer: [Term?] (“ʼaṅgara”)
- Khmer: អង្គរ (ʼɑngkɔɔ)
→ Nepali: नगर (nagar)
→ Newar: नगर (nagara)
→ Odia: ନଗର (nagara)
→ Old Gujarati: नगर (nagara)
→ Old Javanese: nagara
- Javanese: ꦤꦒꦫ (nagara), ꦤꦒꦫꦶ (nagari), ꦤꦼꦒꦫ (negara), ꦤꦼꦒꦫꦶ (negari)
- → Balinese: negara
Pali: nagara
→ Punjabi: ਨਗਰ (nagar)
→ Sinhalese: නගරය (nagaraya)
→ Sylheti: ꠘꠉꠞ (nogor)
→ Tamil: நகரம் (nakaram)
→ Telugu: నగరము (nagaramu)
→ Thai: นคร (ná-kɔɔn)
→ Urdu: نگر (nagar)

References

Monier Williams (1899), “नगर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 525, column 1.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “nágara-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 5
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “nagará-”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 398
Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2025), “nagara”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.