ᠠᠪᡴᠠ

Inherited from Jurchen *abxa (Jurchen script: , Image: ).

• (standard) IPA^(key): [ap.qʰa]
• (Alcuka) IPA^(key): [au.χa]
• (Sibe) IPA^(key): [av.qʰa]
• (Peking) IPA^(key): [ap.qʰa], [aw.qʰa], [aw.χa]
• (Ningguta) IPA^(key): [ap.qʰa], [ap.χa]
• (Bala) IPA^(key): [apˈkˈa]^[1]
• (Sanjiazi - Manchu (Nonni)) IPA^(key): [ˈɑvqʰə], IPA^(key): [ˈɑpqʰə]
• (Heihe - Manchu (Amur)) IPA^(key): [ɑbɡɑ]

ᠠᠪᡴᠠ • (abka)

1. sky, heaven
   • 御製增訂清文鑑 卷一 天部 天文類 第一

     ᡠᠮᡝᠰᡳ
     ᡩᡝᠨ
     ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ
     ᠵᠠᡴᠠ
     ᠪᡝ
     ᡝᠯᠪᡝᡥᡝᠩᡤᡝ
     ᠪᡝ᠈
     ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
     ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉

     umesi den tumen jaka be elbehengge be, abka sembi.

     Something that is very high and covering everything that exists is called sky.

2. Heaven; sky deity; God
   • 滿洲實錄 第一卷

     ᡝᠮᡝ
     ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᠮᡝ᠈
     ᠵᡠᡳ
     ᠰᡳᠮᠪᡝ
     ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
     ᡶᠠᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨ
     ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
     ᠪᡝ
     ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠮᡝ
     ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᡴᡳᠨᡳ
     ᠰᡝᠮᡝ
     ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᠪᡠᡥᠠᠪᡳ᠉

     eme hendume, jui simbe abka facuhūn gurun be dasame banjikini seme banjibuhabi.

     Mother said: "Children, you are created by God to rule over (those) nations that are in chaos."

   • ᡥᠠᠨ ᡳ
     ᠠᡵᠠᡥᠠ
     ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
     ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᡳ
     ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ
     ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ᠈
     ᡠᠵᡠᡳ
     ᡩᡝᠪᡨᡝᠯᡳᠨ᠈
     ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
     ᡧᠣᡧᠣᡥᠣᠨ᠈
     ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
     ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠨ᠈
     ᡠᠵᡠ᠈

     ᡠᠮᡝᠰᡳ
     ᡩᡝᠨ
     ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ
     ᠵᡴᠠ
     ᠪᡝ
     ᡝᠯᠪᡝᡥᡝᠩᡤᡝ
     ᠪᡝ᠈
     ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
     ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉
     ᠰᡳᠩ
     ᠯᡳ
     ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝᡩᡝ᠈
     ᠵᡠᡯᡳ ᡳ
     ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᡥᡝᠩᡤᡝ᠈
     ᠠᠪᡴᠠ᠈
     ᡳᠨ
     ᠶᠠᠩ᠈
     ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ
     ᡶᡝᡨᡝᠨ ᡳ
     ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ
     ᠵᠠᡴᠠ
     ᠪᡝ
     ᠸᡝᠮᠪᡠᠮᡝ
     ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ
     ᠰᡝᡥᡝᠪᡳ᠉
     ᠯᡠᠸᡝᠨ
     ᡳᠣᡳ
     ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝᡩᡝ᠈
     ᠴᠣᠯᡤᠣᡵᠣᡦᡳ
     ᡩᠠᠮᡠ
     ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
     ᠠᠮᠪᠠ᠈
     ᡩᠠᠮᡠ
     ᠶᠣᠣ
     ᡨᡝᡥᡝᡵᡝᠮᠪᡳ
     ᠰᡝᡥᡝᠪᡳ᠉

     umesi den tumen jka be elbehengge be, abka sembi. sing li bithede, judzi-i henduhengge, abka, in yang, sunja feten-i tumen jaka be wembume banjibumbi sehebi. luwen ioi bithede, colgoropi damu abka amba, damu yoo teherembi sehebi.

     That which is extremely high and covering all things is called sky. Zhu Xi stated that Heaven, yin-yang, and the five elements (wuxing) give birth to and transform all things. The Analects states, "Only Heaven is great, and only Yao modeled himself after it."

3. weather

• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ/天", Kangxi Emperor (Xuanye) (1708), han -i araha manju gisun -i buleku bithe / 御製清文鑑 [Imperially-Published Script Mirror of Qing], Vol 1, Wuying Dian [Wuying Hall] edition (overall work in Manchu), Beijing, page 1 (right). 中国国家图书馆·中国国家数字图书馆-中华古籍资源库-民族文字古籍特藏库-御制清文鉴 二十卷总纲四卷后序一卷 [National Library of China / National Digital Library of China - Chinese Ancient Books Resource Library - Special Collection of Ethnic Script Ancient Books - Imperially-Published Script Mirror of Qing (20 Volumes, 4 Volumes of General Outline, and 1 Volume of Postscript)], Retrieved 24 August 2025.
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ/ᠲᠩᠷᠢ", han -i araha manju monggo gisun -i buleku bithe / 御製滿蒙文鑑 [Imperially-Published Manchu-Mongol Script Mirror], Vol 1, Fine manuscript edition (overall work in Manchu and Classical Mongolian), Beijing, 1717, page 1 (left)
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ/ᡨᡝᠩᡤᡝᡵᡳ", han -i araha manju monggo gisun -i buleku bithe / 御製滿蒙文鑑 [Imperially-Published Manchu-Mongol Script Mirror], Vol 1, Fine manuscript edition (overall work in Manchu and Classical Mongolian), Beijing, 1743, page 1 (left). 中国国家图书馆·中国国家数字图书馆-中华古籍资源库-民族文字古籍特藏库-御制满蒙文鉴 [National Library of China / National Digital Library of China - Chinese Ancient Books Resource Library - Special Collection of Ethnic Script Ancient Books - Imperially-Published Manchu-Mongol Script Mirror], Retrieved 24 August 2025.
• ᡠᡴᠰᡠᠨ
  ᠵᡠᠸᡝᠨᡨᡠ / 肫圖 [Juwentu], editor (1746), 一學三貫清文鑑 / emu be tacifi ilan be hafukiyara manju gisun -i buleku bithe (overall work in Manchu and Mandarin), Beijing, page 2:

  ᠰᡠᡴᡩᡠᠨ ᡳ
  ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡠᡴᡝᠨ
  ᠪᠣᠯᡤᠣ᠈
  ᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠨ
  ᡩᡝᡴᡩᡝᡥᡝᠩᡤᡝ
  ᠪᡝ
  ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
  ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠈

  sukdun-i weihuken bolgo, wesihun dekdehengge be abka sembi,

  The light, fluttering and clear atmosphere that rises upward is called sky.

  氣之輕清上浮者爲天

  . 中国国家图书馆·中国国家数字图书馆-中华古籍资源库-民族文字古籍特藏库-一学三贯清文鉴 [National Library of China / National Digital Library of China - Chinese Ancient Books Resource Library - Special Collection of Ethnic Script Ancient Books - Yixue Sanguan Qingwen Jian], Retrieved 24 August 2025.
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ/天", Qianlong Emperor (Hongli) and Fuheng et al. (1771), han -i araha nonggime toktobuha manju gisun -i buleku bithe / 御製增訂清文鑑 [Imperially-Published Enlarged and Revised Script Mirror of Qing], Vol 1, Wenyuan Ge [Belvedere of Literary Profundity] edition (overall work in Manchu and Mandarin), Beijing, page 2 (right)
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ/ᠲᠩᠷᠢ/天", han -i araha manju monggo nikan hergen ilan hacin -i mudan acaha buleku bithe / 御製滿洲蒙古漢字三合切音清文鑑 [Imperially-Published Trilingual Phonetic Script Mirror of Qing], Vol 1, Wenyuan Ge [Belvedere of Literary Profundity] edition (overall work in Manchu, Classical Mongolian, and Mandarin), Beijing, 1771, page 3 (left)
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ/天", 御製五體清文鑑 / han -i araha sunja hacin hergen kamciha manju gisun -i buleku bithe [Pentaglot Dictionary] (overall work in Manchu, Classical Tibetan, Classical Mongolian, Chagatai, and Mandarin), Beijing, (Can we date this quote?)
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ абка", Иван Ильич Захаров [Ivan Ilyich Zaharov] (1875), Полній Маньчжурско-Русскій Словарь [Comprehensive Manchu-Russian Dictionary] (overall work in Russian and Manchu), Санкт-Петербург: Типографія Императорской Академій Наукъ [Printing House of the Imperial Academy of Sciences], page 24.
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ", 渡部薫太郎 [Watanabe Shigetarō], editor (1926), 訂正満洲語文典 / ᡩᠠᠰᠠᡥᠠ
  ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
  ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᡳ
  ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ [A Revised and Enlarger Manchu Grammer] (overall work in Japanese and Manchu), 大阪 [Ōsaka]: 大阪東洋學會 [The Osaka Asiatic Society], page 33.
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ abka", 金得榥 [Kim Deuk-hwang], editor (1950), :기초 滿韓辭典(基礎滿韓辭典) / ᡩᠠᡨᡝᠩᡤᡝ
  ᠮᠨᠵᡠ
  ᠰᠣᠯᡥᠣ
  ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ
  ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ [Basic Manchu-Korean Dictionary] (overall work in Manchu and Korean), 서울 [Seoul]: 大地文化社, →ISBN, page 1.
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ", Erich Haenisch, editor (1961), Mandschu-Grammatik mit Lesestucken und 23 Texttafeln [Manchu grammar with readings and 23 text plates] (overall work in German and Manchu), Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig [VEB Publishing Encyclopedia Leipzig], page 26. Altaica - Грамматические очерки языков тунгусо-маньчжурской семьи - Маньчжурский [Grammatical essays on the languages ​​of the Tungus-Manchu family - Manchu], Retrieved 24 August 2025.
• "Abka", 羽田亨 [Haneda Tōru], editor (1972), 滿和辭典 / ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
  ᡰᡳ
  ᠪᡝᠨ
  ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ
  ᡴᠠᠮᠴᡳᠪᡠᡥᠠ
  ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ [Manchu-Japanese Dictionary] (overall work in Japanese and Manchu), 東京 [Tokyō]: 国書刊行会 [KOKUSHOKANKOKAI INC.], page 1.
• Norman, Jerry (1978), “ABKA”, in A Concise Manchu-English Lexicon (Publications on Asia of the School of International) (overall work in English and Manchu), University of Washington Press, →ISBN, page 3
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ Abka", 刘厚生 [Liu Housheng], editor (1988), 简明满汉辞典 / ᡧᠣᠯᠣᡴᠣᠨ
  ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
  ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ
  ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ
  ᡴᠠᠮᠴᡳᠪᡠᡥᠠ
  ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ [Consise Manchu-Chinese Dictionary] (overall work in Manchu and Mandarin), 开封 [Kaifeng]: 河南大学出版社 [Henan University Press], →ISBN, page 1.
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ Abka", 安双成 [An Shuangcheng], editor (1993), 满汉大辞典 [Comprehensive Manchu-Chinese Dictionary] (overall work in Manchu and Mandarin), Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House, →ISBN, page 24.
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ abka¹", 胡增益 [Hu, Zengyi], editor (1994), 新满汉大词典 / Iche Manzhu Nikan gisun kamchibuha buleku bithe [New Comprehensive Manchu-Chinese Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Manchu), Ürümqi: Xinjiang renmin chubanshe, →ISBN, page 2
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ", 河内良弘 [Kawachi Yoshihiro], 清瀬義三郎則府 [Kiyose Gisaburō Norikura], editor (2002), 満洲語文語入門 [Introductory Guide of Literary Manchu] (overall work in Japanese), 京都 [Kyōto]: 京都大学学術出版会 [Kyoto University Press], page 4.
• "天", 刘厚生 [Liu Housheng], editor (2004), 汉满辞典 / ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ
  ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
  ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨᡳ
  ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ
  ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ [HAN MAN CIDIAN (Chinese-Manchu Dictionary)] (overall work in Mandarin and Manchu), 北京 [Beijing]: 民族出版社 [The Ethnic Publishing House], →ISBN, page 566.
• "天①", 安双成 [An Shuangcheng], editor (2007), 汉满大辞典 / ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ
  ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
  ᠶᠣᠩᡴᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ
  ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ
  ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ [Comprehensive Chinese-Manchu Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Manchu), Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House, →ISBN, page 1023.
• "ᠠᠪᡴᠠ", 沈启亮 [Shen Qiliang] (2008), 大清全书 / ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ
  ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ
  ᠶᠣᠣᠨᡳ
  ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ [Complete Book of the Great Qing] (overall work in Manchu and Mandarin), 沈阳: 辽宁民族出版社 [Liaoning People's Publishing House], →ISBN, page 25.
• 戴光宇 [Dai Guangyu] (2012), 三家子满语语音研究 [Sanjiazi Manyu Yuyin Yanjiu], 北京: 北京大学出版社 [Peking University Press], →ISBN, pages 59, 105.
• "ᠲᠩᠷᠢ", ᠠᠭᠣᠯᠠ
  ᠣᠪᠣᠭᠲᠠᠨ
  ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ᠌, editor (2002), ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠦ
  ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
  ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ
  ᠲᠣᠯᠢ/ 蒙汉满词典 / ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ
  ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ
  ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
  ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ
  ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ [Mongolian-Chinese-Manchu Dictionary] (overall work in Mongolian, Mandarin, and Manchu), 赤峰 / ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠠᠳᠠ [Chifeng]: 内蒙古科学技术出版社 / ᠥᠪᠥᠷ
  ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
  ‍ᠤᠨ
  ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ
  ‍ᠤᠨ
  ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭᠯᠡᠯ [Inner Mongolia Science&Technology Press], page 1099.
• 王娣 [Wang Di] (2021), 黑河地区满语元音实验研究 [Heihe Diqu Manyu Yuanyin Shiyan Yanjiu] (overall work in Mandarin), 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学出版社 [Harbin Engineering University Press], →ISBN, page 247: “书面语 [Literary (Manchu)]: ɑbkɑ; 口语 [Spoken (Manchu)]: ɑbɡɑ; 汉语 [Mandarin]: 天”.