儒

儒 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 人一月月 (OMBB), four-corner 2122₇, composition ⿰亻需)

• 𡃽, 𮒯

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 119, character 30
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1220
• Dae Jaweon: page 253, character 8
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 230, character 9
• Unihan data for U+5112

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *njo): semantic 亻 (“human”) + phonetic 需 (OC *sno).

Origin obscure. Chen (2013)^[1] – following Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi, etc. – links 儒 (OC *njo, “sorcerers, intellectuals, government officials, Confucians”) to 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft”) and 懦 (OC *noːls, *njo, “weak, timid”), "probably derived from the nature of the profession, registered by softness, suppleness, and flexibility".

儒

1. scholar; learned person

   儒林外史  ―  Rúlín wàishǐ  ―  Unofficial History of the Scholars (a satirical novel by 吳敬梓 Wu Jingzi)

   • 子謂子夏曰：「女為君子儒，無為小人儒。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     子谓子夏曰：「女为君子儒，无为小人儒。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE

     Zǐ wèi Zǐxià yuē: “Rǔ wèi jūnzǐ rú, wú wèi xiǎorén rú.” [Pinyin]

     The Master said to Zi Xia, "Do you be a scholar after the style of the superior man, and not after that of the mean man."

   • 以九兩系邦國之民：……四曰儒，以道得民。……。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     以九两系邦国之民：……四曰儒，以道得民。……。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: Rites of Zhou, circa 3^rd century BCE

     Yǐ jiǔ liǎng xì bāngguó zhī mín:...... Sì yuē rú, yǐ dào dé mín........ [Pinyin]

     Use nine working-duos to involve the people of the polities and states: [...] the fourth are called the scholars, who use moral principles to procure people. [...].

2. Confucian; Ruist

   • 通天、地、人曰儒，通天、地而不通人曰伎。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad. and simp.]

     From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE

     Tōng tiān, dì, rén yuē rú, tōng tiān, dì ér bùtōng rén yuē jì. [Pinyin]

     Having a penetrating understanding of Heaven, Earth, and Man is called ru (Confucian). Having a penetrating understanding of Heaven and Earth, but not understanding Man, is called "clever."

3. Confucianism; Ruism

   • 孟子曰：「逃墨必歸於楊，逃楊必歸於儒。歸，斯受之而已矣。今之與楊墨辯者，如追放豚，既入其苙，又從而招之。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     孟子曰：「逃墨必归于杨，逃杨必归于儒。归，斯受之而已矣。今之与杨墨辩者，如追放豚，既入其苙，又从而招之。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Mèngzǐ yuē: “Táo Mò bì guī yú Yáng, táo Yáng bì guī yú Rú. Guī, sī shòu zhī ér yǐ yǐ. Jīn zhī yǔ Yángmò biàn zhě, rú zhuī fàng tún, jì rù qí lì, yòu cóng ér zhāo zhī.” [Pinyin]

     Mencius said, 'Those who are fleeing from the errors of Mohism naturally turn to Yangism, and those who are fleeing from the errors of Yang naturally turn to Ruism. When they so turn, they should at once and simply be received. Those who nowadays dispute with the followers of Yangism and Mohism do so as if they were pursuing a stray pig, the leg of which, after they have got it to enter the pen, they proceed to tie.'

4. weak; cowardly
5. a surname
6. (Teochew) pretty, refined, exquisite

• “儒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00253
• Lim Hiong Seng (1886), Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular, Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press, page 242

(Jōyō kanji)

1. Confucianism
2. Confucianist

• Go-on: にゅう (nyū)
• Kan-on: じゅ (ju, Jōyō)
• Kun: やわらか (yawaraka)、うるおす (uruosu)、したがう (shitagau)

• 儒学(じゅがく) (jugaku)
• 儒教(じゅきょう) (jukyō)
• 碩儒(せきじゅ) (sekiju)
• 宋儒(そうじゅ) (sōju)

From Middle Chinese 儒 (MC nyu).

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ju]
• Phonetic hangul: [유]

儒 (eumhun 선비 유 (seonbi yu))

1. hanja form^? of 유 (“scholar”)
2. hanja form^? of 유 (“Confucianism”)

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

儒: Hán Nôm readings: nho^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}, nhu^[1][2][5][7], nhô^[8][6]

1. scholar
2. Confucianism
3. Confucianist
4. chữ Nho (Sino-vietnamese word)