孝廉

Chinese

		filial piety filial	pure honest, incorruptible inexpensive
trad. (孝廉)		孝	廉
simp. ^#(孝廉)		孝	廉

Etymology

The most pressing official requirements ("filial and incorruptible") of nominees for the civil service under 134 BC reforms of the Wu Emperor of the Han dynasty, generally maintained until the imperial examination began under the Sui in the 7th century. Commandery heads were liable for punishment both upon failure to provide nominations and upon discovery that their nominees had proven disloyal or corrupt.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiàolián

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄠˋ ㄌㄧㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): haau³ lim⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiàolián
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˋ ㄌㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siàolián
  - Wade–Giles: hsiao⁴-lien²
  - Yale: syàu-lyán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiawlian
  - Palladius: сяолянь (sjaoljanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)⁺
  - Jyutping: haau³ lim⁴
  - Yale: haau lìhm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haau³ lim⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: hao³ lim⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːu̯³³ liːm²¹/

Middle Chinese: xaewH ljem

Rime
Character	孝	廉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	肴 (90)	鹽 (153)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	III
Fanqie	呼敎切	力鹽切
Baxter	xaewH	ljem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hˠau^H/	/liᴇm/
Pan Wuyun	/hᵚau^H/	/liɛm/
Shao Rongfen	/xau^H/	/ljæm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/haɨw^H/	/liam/
Li Rong	/xau^H/	/liɛm/
Wang Li	/xau^H/	/lĭɛm/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xau^H/	/li̯ɛm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiào	lián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haau³	lim⁴

Noun

孝廉

(historical) local nominee to the imperial Chinese bureaucracy

Synonyms

茂才 (màocái), 秀才 (xiùcái) (q.v. for additional synonyms)

Derived terms

舉孝廉 / 举孝廉 (jǔ xiàolián)

Adjective

孝廉

(historical) xiaolian, this system of nominations to the imperial Chinese bureaucracy

Derived terms

孝廉方正