悲しい

Japanese

Kanji in this term
かな
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
哀しい (rare)
愛しい (rare)

Etymology

⟨kanasiki1/kanasiki//kanaɕiː/

From Old Japanese 悲し (kanasi-, emotionally overwhelming: dear, beloved, sad), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kanasi- (beloved, dear). First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]

Historically also meant "dear; beloved; lovely", in addition to "sad". The former senses were later taken over by other adjectives such as 愛らしい (airashii), 愛しい (itoshii), and 可愛い (kawaii). See also the Ryukyuan cognates such as Miyako かなすぃ゚ (kanasï) and Okinawan かなさん (kanasan, beloved, lovely, cute), which do not mean "sad".

Considering the original sense of "emotionally overwhelming", might be cognate with 兼ねる (kaneru, to group together; to be concerned about something), from the semantic overlap with grief.[2]

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「悲しい
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Continuative (連用形) 悲しく なしく [kànáshíkú]
Terminal (終止形) 悲しい なしい
なし
[kànáshíí]
[kànáshíꜜì]
Attributive (連体形) 悲しい なしい [kànáshíí]
Key constructions
Informal negative 悲しくない なしくな [kànáshíkúnáꜜì]
Informal past 悲しかった なしかった [kànáshíꜜkàttà]
Informal negative past 悲しくなかった なしくなかった [kànáshíkúnáꜜkàttà]
Formal 悲しいです なしいです [kànáshíꜜìdèsù]
Conjunctive 悲しくて なしくて [kànáshíꜜkùtè]
Conditional 悲しければ なしければ [kànáshíꜜkèrèbà]
  • (Kyoto) かなしい [kánáshìì] (Kōki)[2]
  • Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent
※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌).
※ References: [2]
Heian uses classical form かなし (kanashi). The periods forward use the attributive かなしき (kanashiki).

Adjective

(かな)しい • (kanashii-i (adverbial (かな)しく (kanashiku))

  1. [from 712] sad, sorrowful
  2. 愛しい: [from 759] (archaic or dialect) beloved, dear
    Synonym: 愛しい (itoshii)
  3. 愛しい: [from 759] (archaic, possibly obsolete) deeply moving
  4. 愛しい: [from 1254] (obsolete) admirable
  5. [from 1254] (obsolete) regrettable
  6. [from 1305] (obsolete) very poor and miserable

Usage notes

  • "admirable"; "regrettable": Often used in the adverbial form かなしく (kanashiku).

Inflection

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke; Stephen Wright Horn; et al. (eds.) (2023), “Old Japanese kanasi”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese[1]
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Dai-ni-han Henshū I'inkai (日本国語大辞典第二版編集委員会) (2001-2002), 日本国語大辞典 第二版 [Unabridged Japanese Dictionary: Second Edition], Tokyo (東京都): Shōgakukan (小学館), →ISBN
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Further reading