皇帝

Chinese

emperor; surname emperor
simp. and trad.
(皇帝) 		皇 帝
anagram 帝皇

Etymology

After a series of conquests ending in 221 BCE, created as a title for King Zheng of Qin, who was styled Qin Shi Huangdi (literally “the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty”). The two component characters were originally the titles of the mythological rulers or deities known as the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (三皇五帝 (Sānhuáng Wǔdì)).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 皇 帝
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 唐 (102) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Open
Division (等) I IV
Fanqie 胡光切 都計切
Baxter hwang tejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦwɑŋ/ /teiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦʷɑŋ/ /teiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣuɑŋ/ /tɛiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦwaŋ/ /tɛjH/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuɑŋ/ /teiH/
Wang
Li 		/ɣuɑŋ/ /tieiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣwɑŋ/ /tieiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		huáng dì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wong4 dai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 皇 帝
Reading # 2/2 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		huáng dì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwang › ‹ tejH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/ /*tˁek-s/
English sovereign God

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 皇 帝
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 12696 2313
Phonetic
component 		王 帝
Rime
group 		陽 賜
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		黃 帝
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡʷaːŋ/ /*teːɡs/
Notes 禮王制鄭注冕屬，
金文象羽冠，王聲；或雲象日射輝則爲暀晃初文 		甲金文象根啇非朿聲

Noun

皇帝

  1. emperor (any monarch ruling an empire, irrespective of gender)
    輔佐皇帝／辅佐皇帝  ―  fǔzuǒ huángdì  ―  to assist an emperor
  2. (tarot) the Emperor

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (皇帝):
  • → Japanese: 皇(こう)帝(てい) (kōtei)
  • → Korean: 황제(皇帝) (hwangje)
  • → Vietnamese: hoàng đế (皇帝)

Others:

  • → Amis: hongti (via Hokkien)
  • → Classical Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠩᠳᠢ (quwangdi), ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠩᠳᠠᠢ (quwangdai) (via Mandarin)
    • Mongolian:
      Mongolian script: ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠩᠳᠢ (quwangdi)
      Cyrillic script: хуанди (xuandi)
    • → Buryat: хуандии (xuandii)
  • → Khitan: 皇帝 (via Middle Chinese)
  • → Manchu: ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ (hūwangdi) (via Mandarin)
  • → Sakizaya: hungti (via Hokkien)
  • → Thai: ฮ่องเต้ (hɔ̂ng-dtêe) (via Hokkien)

See also

Japanese

Kanji in this term
皇 帝
こう
Grade: 6 		てい
Grade: S
kan'on

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 皇帝 (hwang tejH). See also 三皇五帝 (Sankō Gotei) and 始皇帝 (Shikōtei).

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) こーてー [kòótéé] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ko̞ːte̞ː]

Noun

皇(こう)帝(てい) • (kōtei) ←くわうてい (kwautei)?

  1. emperor (of a country other than Japan)
  2. East Asian empress regnant
    則(そく)天(てん)大(たい)聖(せい)皇(こう)帝(てい)
    Sokuten Taisei Kōtei
    Great Sage Empress Zetian
  3. (tarot) the Emperor

Usage notes

  • 天(てん)皇(のう) (tennō) is generally used exclusively to refer to the Emperor of Japan, while 皇(こう)帝(てい) (kōtei) is generally used exclusively to refer to emperors of other countries.
  • An East Asian empress regnant has the same title as an emperor, not specifically "empress (regnant)" like in European languages. Similarly, a queen regnant has the same title as an emperor.

References

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Khitan

Alternative forms

𘭝𘬮 (*hoŋ di)

Etymology

Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 皇帝 (MC hwang tejH).

Pronunciation

Noun

皇帝 (hongdi)

  1. emperor
    • 1081, 《多羅里本郎君墓誌碑》 [Memorial for Lord Dorlipun], line 3, characters 11-20[3]:
      皇帝[⿱火日][⿰𤣩⿱⿻𠃊丨又]弃[⿻一⿵冂仌]囯[⿱火日][⿱干卄][⿻⿻二丨从]
      皇帝-[⿱火日][⿰𤣩⿱⿻𠃊丨又]-弃[⿻一⿵冂仌]囯-[⿱火日][⿱干卄][⿻⿻二丨从]
      hongdi-enpo-doDangur-enjariqo[4]
      皇帝-之時-於丹國-之宰相
      emperor-GENtime-LOCDankingdom-GENprime minister
      "the prime minister of the Dan (Dongdan) kingdom during the time of the Emperor"

References

  1. ^ Liu Fengzhu 劉鳳翥; Wang Yunlong 王雲龍 (November 2004), “契丹大字《耶律昌允墓誌铭》之研 [A Decipherment of Yelu Changyun's Epitaph in Qitan Large Characters]”, in 燕京學報 [Yenching Journal of Chinese Studies] (in Chinese), volume 17, appendix 1.70-71, page 82
  2. ^ Shimunek, Andrew (2017), Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 247
  3. ^ Cong Yanshuang 叢艷雙; Liu Fengzhu 劉鳳翥; Chi Jianxue 池建學 (2005), “契丹大字《多羅里本郎君墓志銘》考釋 [A Textual Research and Explanation on the Inscription for Duoluoliben in Big Qidan Script]”, in 民族語文 [Minority Languages of China]‎[1] (in Chinese), number 4, pages 51, 54
  4. ^ Wu Yingzhe; András Róna-Tas (2019), “Khitan Studies: The glyphs of the Khitan Small Script (The consonants): Labial stops”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae‎[2], volume 72, number 1, pages 47-79

Korean

Hanja in this term
皇帝

Noun

皇帝 • (hwangje) (hangeul 황제)

  1. hanja form? of 황제 (“emperor”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
皇帝

Noun

皇帝

  1. chữ Hán form of hoàng đế (“emperor”)
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