科

科 U+79D1, 科
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-79D1
← 秐
[U+79D0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 秒 →
[U+79D2]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

科 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹木卜十 (HDYJ), four-corner 24900, composition ⿰禾斗)

Derived characters

Additional Derived Characters
  • 𢱃, 𬈎, 𩜭, 𪍎, 𧎗, 𥧇

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 850, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24950
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1274, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2595, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+79D1

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 科

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 科
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (禾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
科 *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls
萪 *kʰoːl
蝌 *kʰoːl
犐 *kʰoːl
禾 *ɡoːl
和 *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
咊 *ɡoːl
盉 *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
龢 *ɡoːl
鉌 *ɡoːl
俰 *ɡoːls

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls): phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 斗 (“measuring tool”).

Etymology 1

Possibly a *k-prefixed noun derived from 和 (OC *ɡoːl), hence “the things which harmonize” (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • ko1 - vernacular (e.g. 外科);
  • kor1 - literary (e.g. 科學).
Note:
  • khe/kher - vernacular (rare in Taiwan, not used in Zhangzhou);
  • kho - literary.
Rime
Character 科
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 苦禾切
Baxter khwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰwa/
Li
Rong 		/kʰuɑ/
Wang
Li 		/kʰuɑ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kʰuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		kuō
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		fo1
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 科
Reading # 1/2
No. 4926
Phonetic
component 		禾
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		科
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰoːl/
Definitions

科

  1. sort; class; kind
  2. law; regulation
  3. (historical) imperial examination
  4. article; clause
  5. norms; rules
  6. division; branch (of study) (Classifier: 個／个)
  7. section; department
  8. (taxonomy) family
  9. (Chinese theater) action; enactment (as opposed to dialogue, recitation, or singing)
    插科打諢／插科打诨  ―  chākēdǎhùn  ―  to improvise for hilarity; to jest
  10. to pass a sentence
  11. to check; to examine
  12. to punish; to fine or levy taxes

Compounds

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (科):
  • → Japanese: 科(か) (ka)
  • → Korean: 과(科) (gwa)
  • → Vietnamese: khoa (科)
See also
taxonomic ranksedit

Pronunciation 2

Rime
Character 科
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 苦卧切
Baxter khwaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰuɑH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰuɑH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰuɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰwaH/
Li
Rong 		/kʰuɑH/
Wang
Li 		/kʰuɑH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kʰuɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		kuò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		fo3
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 科
Reading # 2/2
No. 4930
Phonetic
component 		禾
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰoːls/
Definitions

科

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to grow; to tiller

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Definitions

科

  1. (Hong Kong Cantonese) alternative form of fol (fo1, “to follow”)

References

  • “科”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[4], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “科”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 129.

Japanese

Kanji

科

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. sort; class; kind; grade; examinations graded in classes (しな)[1]
  2. fault; flaw; graded crimes (とが)
  3. law; regulation; divide taxes or crimes; categorized classes or the text of law
  4. performance and expression of actors (しぐさ)
  5. a (circular) hole

Readings

  • Go-on: か (ka, Jōyō)←くわ (kwa, historical)
  • Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)←くわ (kwa, historical)
  • Kun: しぐさ (shigusa, 科)、しな (shina, 科)、とが (toga, 科)
  • Nanori: しな (shina)

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
科
か
Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 科 (MC khwa|khwaH).

Pronunciation

Suffix

科(か) • (-ka) ←くわ (-kwa)?

  1. department, section
  2. (taxonomy) family
Coordinate terms
taxonomic ranksedit

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
科
とが
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
咎

From Old Japanese.

Attested in the Nihon Ryōiki (810‐824 CE).[2]

Pronunciation

Noun

科(とが) • (toga) 

  1. mistake, error
  2. crime, offense, wrongdoing
  3. fault, flaw

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
科
しな
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 科 – see the following entry.
【シナ】
[noun] [from 1775] (said mainly of a woman) coquettishness, flattery: a pretense of pleasantness, often in an attempt to gain favor or affection
Alternative spelling
品
(This term, 科, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

  1. ^ “科”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
  2. ^ “咎・科”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ Takumi KASHIMA (加島 巧) and Loretta LORENZ, transl. (30 December 2007), “Takasebune (English Translation of Mori Ogai's Takasebune)”, in 長崎外大論叢 [The Journal of Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies]‎[3]

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 科 (MC khwa).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

科 (eumhun 과정 과 (gwajeong gwa))

  1. hanja form? of 과 (“sort; class”)

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [7]

Vietnamese

Han character

科: Hán Nôm readings: khoa

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Derived terms

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