-क
Hindi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit -क (-ka). Doublet of -आ (-ā).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /kə/, [kɐ]
Suffix
-क • (-ka) m
- (productive only with Sanskrit loans) a diminutive masculine nominal suffix
Derived terms
Konkani
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-क • (-k) (Latin script -k, Kannada script -ಕ)
- marks the accusative/dative case
Usage notes
Always appended to the oblique stem of the noun.
- भाचो (bhātsô) + -क (-ka) → भाच्याक (bhātsyāk)
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- -ᬓ (Balinese script)
- -က (Burmese script)
- -क (Devanagari script)
- -ਕ (Gurmukhi script)
- -𑌕 (Grantha script)
- -ꦏ (Javanese script)
- -𑂍 (Kaithi script)
- -ក (Khmer script)
- -ກ (Lao script)
- -ക (Malayalam script)
- -ᡬᠠ (Manchu script)
- -𑘎 (Modi script)
- -ᢉᠠ (Mongolian script)
- -𑦮 (Nandinagari script)
- -𑐎 (Newa script)
- -କ (Odia script)
- -ꢒ (Saurashtra script)
- -𑆑 (Sharada script)
- -𑖎 (Siddham script)
- -ක (Sinhalese script)
- -𑩜 (Soyombo script)
- -𑚊 (Takri script)
- -க (Tamil script)
- -ก (Thai script)
- -་ཀ (Tibetan script)
- -𑨋 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Sanskrit -क (-ka)
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos. Compare Proto-Slavic *-ъka for the diminutive sense.
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /kɐ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /kɐ/
Suffix
-क • (-ka) m (feminine -का (-kā))
- a diminutive masculine nominal suffix
- forms doer/maker nouns from other nouns
Usage notes
The suffix is most often accented when forming a diminutive.
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -कः (-kaḥ) | -कौ (-kau) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
-काः (-kāḥ) -कासः¹ (-kāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | -कम् (-kam) | -कौ (-kau) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
-कान् (-kān) |
| instrumental | -केन (-kena) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -कैः (-kaiḥ) -केभिः¹ (-kebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | -काय (-kāya) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -केभ्यः (-kebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | -कात् (-kāt) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -केभ्यः (-kebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | -कस्य (-kasya) | -कयोः (-kayoḥ) | -कानाम् (-kānām) |
| locative | -के (-ke) | -कयोः (-kayoḥ) | -केषु (-keṣu) |
| vocative | -क (-ka) | -कौ (-kau) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
-काः (-kāḥ) -कासः¹ (-kāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- → Hindi: -क (-ka, diminutive suffix)
Suffix
-क • (-ka) n
- forms abstract or collective nouns
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -कम् (-kam) | -के (-ke) | -कानि (-kāni) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
| accusative | -कम् (-kam) | -के (-ke) | -कानि (-kāni) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
| instrumental | -केन (-kena) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -कैः (-kaiḥ) -केभिः¹ (-kebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | -काय (-kāya) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -केभ्यः (-kebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | -कात् (-kāt) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -केभ्यः (-kebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | -कस्य (-kasya) | -कयोः (-kayoḥ) | -कानाम् (-kānām) |
| locative | -के (-ke) | -कयोः (-kayoḥ) | -केषु (-keṣu) |
| vocative | -क (-ka) | -के (-ke) | -कानि (-kāni) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Suffix
-क • (-ka)
- forms adjectives from other parts of speech
- अन्त (ánta, “end”) + -क (-ka) → अन्तक (ántaka, “making an end”)
- मनुष्य (manuṣyà, “a man”) + -क (-ka) → मानुष्यक (mā́nuṣyaka, “human”)
- अनु (ánu, “after”) + -क (-ka) → अनुक (ánuka, “following”)
- एक (éka, “one”) + -क (-ka) → एकक (ekaká, “single”)
- अस्ति (asti, “(there) is”) + -क (-ka) → आस्तिक (āstika, “one who believes in the existence (of God)”)
- forms adjectives from other adjectives, often with no difference in meaning
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -कः (-kaḥ) | -कौ (-kau) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
-काः (-kāḥ) -कासः¹ (-kāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | -कम् (-kam) | -कौ (-kau) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
-कान् (-kān) |
| instrumental | -केन (-kena) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -कैः (-kaiḥ) -केभिः¹ (-kebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | -काय (-kāya) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -केभ्यः (-kebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | -कात् (-kāt) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -केभ्यः (-kebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | -कस्य (-kasya) | -कयोः (-kayoḥ) | -कानाम् (-kānām) |
| locative | -के (-ke) | -कयोः (-kayoḥ) | -केषु (-keṣu) |
| vocative | -क (-ka) | -कौ (-kau) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
-काः (-kāḥ) -कासः¹ (-kāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -का (-kā) | -के (-ke) | -काः (-kāḥ) |
| accusative | -काम् (-kām) | -के (-ke) | -काः (-kāḥ) |
| instrumental | -कया (-kayā) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
-काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -काभिः (-kābhiḥ) |
| dative | -कायै (-kāyai) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -काभ्यः (-kābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | -कायाः (-kāyāḥ) -कायै² (-kāyai²) |
-काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -काभ्यः (-kābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | -कायाः (-kāyāḥ) -कायै² (-kāyai²) |
-कयोः (-kayoḥ) | -कानाम् (-kānām) |
| locative | -कायाम् (-kāyām) | -कयोः (-kayoḥ) | -कासु (-kāsu) |
| vocative | -के (-ke) | -के (-ke) | -काः (-kāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -कम् (-kam) | -के (-ke) | -कानि (-kāni) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
| accusative | -कम् (-kam) | -के (-ke) | -कानि (-kāni) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
| instrumental | -केन (-kena) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -कैः (-kaiḥ) -केभिः¹ (-kebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | -काय (-kāya) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -केभ्यः (-kebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | -कात् (-kāt) | -काभ्याम् (-kābhyām) | -केभ्यः (-kebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | -कस्य (-kasya) | -कयोः (-kayoḥ) | -कानाम् (-kānām) |
| locative | -के (-ke) | -कयोः (-kayoḥ) | -केषु (-keṣu) |
| vocative | -क (-ka) | -के (-ke) | -कानि (-kāni) -का¹ (-kā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
The feminine on -की (-kī) is used with vṛddhi derivatives:
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -की (-kī) | -क्यौ (-kyau) -की¹ (-kī¹) |
-क्यः (-kyaḥ) -कीः¹ (-kīḥ¹) |
| accusative | -कीम् (-kīm) | -क्यौ (-kyau) -की¹ (-kī¹) |
-कीः (-kīḥ) |
| instrumental | -क्या (-kyā) | -कीभ्याम् (-kībhyām) | -कीभिः (-kībhiḥ) |
| dative | -क्यै (-kyai) | -कीभ्याम् (-kībhyām) | -कीभ्यः (-kībhyaḥ) |
| ablative | -क्याः (-kyāḥ) -क्यै² (-kyai²) |
-कीभ्याम् (-kībhyām) | -कीभ्यः (-kībhyaḥ) |
| genitive | -क्याः (-kyāḥ) -क्यै² (-kyai²) |
-क्योः (-kyoḥ) | -कीनाम् (-kīnām) |
| locative | -क्याम् (-kyām) | -क्योः (-kyoḥ) | -कीषु (-kīṣu) |
| vocative | -कि (-ki) | -क्यौ (-kyau) -की¹ (-kī¹) |
-क्यः (-kyaḥ) -कीः¹ (-kīḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
Related terms
References
- William Dwight Whitney (1889), Sanskrit Grammar[1], § 1222, pages 466-9
Further reading
- Wackernagel, Jakob; Albert Debrunner (1896-1964), Altindische Grammatik [Grammar of Ancient Indian] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher)[2] (in German), Vol. II.2: Die Nominalsuffixe, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, published 1954, 360-8, pages 515-540