-iw-

Tumbuka

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-úa. Cognate with Swahili -wa (“passive suffix”), Xhosa -wa (“passive suffix”) and Zulu -wa (“passive suffix”).

Suffix

-iw-

  1. Passive suffix in Tumbuka.

Usage notes

This "-iw-" suffix is the true passive in Tumbuka, but it has mostly been replaced by the stative -eka and -ika, which functions both as a stative and as the passive.

References

  • Jean Josephine Chavula, Verbal Derivation and Valency in Citumbuka, 2016
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