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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreydʰ-, whence also Old Church Slavonic грѧсти (gręsti, “to go”) and Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌳 (grid).[1] See Proto-Slavic *gręsti for more cognates.
Verb
*grindeti[2]
- to step, drive forth
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*grindū
|
*grindemam
|
*gigritsū
|
*gigroida
|
| 2nd singular
|
*grindesi
|
*grindetās
|
*gigritsesi
|
*gigroidas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*grindeti
|
*grindeto
|
*gigritseti
|
*gigroide
|
| 1st plural
|
*grindomosi
|
*grindemo
|
*gigritsomosi
|
*gigroidmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*grindetesi
|
*grindestē
|
*gigritsetesi
|
*gigroisse
|
| 3rd plural
|
*grindonti
|
*grindento
|
*gigritsonti
|
*gigroidars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*greitsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*greitsesi
|
?
|
*grinde
|
| 3rd singular
|
*greitseti
|
?
|
*grindetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*greitsomosi
|
?
|
*grindomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*greitsetesi
|
?
|
*grindete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*greitsonti
|
?
|
*grindontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*grindūr
|
—
|
*gigritsūr
|
*gigroidra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*grindetar
|
—
|
*gigritsetar
|
*gigroidras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*grindetor
|
?
|
*gigritsetor
|
*gigroidre
|
| 1st plural
|
*grindommor
|
—
|
*gigritsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*grindedwe
|
—
|
*gigritsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*grindontor
|
?
|
*gigritsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*greitsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*greitsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*greitsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*greitsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*greitsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*greitsontor
|
—
|
—
|
Declension of the present participle
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*grindonts
|
*grindonte
|
*grindontes
|
| vocative
|
*grindonts
|
*grindonte
|
*grindontes
|
| accusative
|
*grindontam
|
*grindonte
|
*grindontans
|
| genitive
|
*grindantos
|
*?
|
*grindantom
|
| dative
|
*grindantei
|
*grindantbom
|
*grindantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*grindantī?
|
*grindantbim
|
*grindantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*grindantī
|
*grindantī
|
*grindantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*grindantī
|
*grindantī
|
*grindantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*grindantīm
|
*grindantī
|
*grindantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*grindantyās
|
*?
|
*grindantyom
|
| dative
|
*grindantyāi
|
*grindantyābom
|
*grindantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*grindantyābim
|
*grindantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*grindont
|
*?
|
*grindonta
|
| vocative
|
*grindont
|
*?
|
*grindonta
|
| accusative
|
*grindont
|
*?
|
*grindonta
|
| genitive
|
*grindantos
|
*?
|
*grindantom
|
| dative
|
*grindantei
|
*?
|
*grindantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*grindantī?
|
*?
|
*grindantbis
|
Declension of the middle participle
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*grindomnos
|
*grindomnou
|
*grindomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*grindomne
|
*grindomnou
|
*grindomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*grindomnom
|
*grindomnou
|
*grindomnons
|
| genitive
|
*grindomnī
|
*grindomnous
|
*grindomnom
|
| dative
|
*grindomnūi
|
*grindomnobom
|
*grindomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*grindomnū
|
*grindomnobim
|
*grindomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*grindomnā
|
*grindomnai
|
*grindomnās
|
| vocative
|
*grindomnā
|
*grindomnai
|
*grindomnās
|
| accusative
|
*grindomnam
|
*grindomnai
|
*grindomnans
|
| genitive
|
*grindomnās
|
*grindomnous
|
*grindomnom
|
| dative
|
*grindomnai
|
*grindomnābom
|
*grindomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*grindomnābim
|
*grindomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*grindomnom
|
*grindomnou
|
*grindomnā
|
| vocative
|
*grindomnom
|
*grindomnou
|
*grindomnā
|
| accusative
|
*grindomnom
|
*grindomnou
|
*grindomnā
|
| genitive
|
*grindomnī
|
*grindomnous
|
*grindomnom
|
| dative
|
*grindomnūi
|
*grindomnobom
|
*grindomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*grindomnū
|
*grindomnobim
|
*grindomnobis
|
Declension of the past participle
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*grissos
|
*grissou
|
*grissoi
|
| vocative
|
*grisse
|
*grissou
|
*grissoi
|
| accusative
|
*grissom
|
*grissou
|
*grissons
|
| genitive
|
*grissī
|
*grissous
|
*grissom
|
| dative
|
*grissūi
|
*grissobom
|
*grissobos
|
| instrumental
|
*grissū
|
*grissobim
|
*grissobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*grissā
|
*grissai
|
*grissās
|
| vocative
|
*grissā
|
*grissai
|
*grissās
|
| accusative
|
*grissam
|
*grissai
|
*grissans
|
| genitive
|
*grissās
|
*grissous
|
*grissom
|
| dative
|
*grissai
|
*grissābom
|
*grissābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*grissābim
|
*grissābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*grissom
|
*grissou
|
*grissā
|
| vocative
|
*grissom
|
*grissou
|
*grissā
|
| accusative
|
*grissom
|
*grissou
|
*grissā
|
| genitive
|
*grissī
|
*grissous
|
*grissom
|
| dative
|
*grissūi
|
*grissobom
|
*grissobos
|
| instrumental
|
*grissū
|
*grissobim
|
*grissobis
|
Derived terms
- *eni-grindeti
- *to-grindeti
- *uɸo-uss-grindeti
- *to-uɸo-uss-grindeti
- *writ-grindeti
- *to-writ-grindeti
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *grɨnnjọd
- Middle Welsh: grynio, grynu, grynnyaw, grynnyau
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*gri-n-d-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 168
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 353-355