Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kaivadak
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
From Proto-Uralic *kajwa-.[1] Cognates include Proto-Samic *koajvōtēk.
Verb
*kaivadak (stem *kaiva-)[2]
Inflection
Inflection of *kaivadak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *kaivan | *kaivoin | — | *kaivagon |
| 2nd sing. | *kaivat | *kaivoit | *kaivak | *kaivagos |
| 3rd sing. | *kaivabi *kaiva |
*kaivoi | *kaivagasën | *kaivagosën |
| 1st plur. | *kaivakmëk *kaivakmak |
*kaivoimëk *kaivoimak |
*kaivagatëmëk *kaivagatamak |
*kaivagotëmëk *kaivagotamak |
| 2nd plur. | *kaivaktëk *kaivaktak |
*kaivoidëk *kaivoidak |
*kaivagatë *kaivagata |
*kaivagot'ëk *kaivagotadak |
| 3rd plur. | *kaivabat *kaiva |
*kaivoi | *kaivagasën | *kaivagosën |
| passive | *kaivaksën *kaivat'aksën |
*kaivadisën *kaivattisën |
*kaivadakahën *kaivattakahën |
*kaivadakohën *kaivattakohën |
| connegative | *kaivak | — | *kaivagak | *kaivagok |
| passive connegative | *kaivaktak | — | *kaivadagak *kaivattagak |
*kaivadagok *kaivattagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *kaivakcin | *kaivoicin | *kaivanën | |
| 2nd sing. | *kaivakcit | *kaivoicit | *kaivanët | |
| 3rd sing. | *kaivakci | *kaivoici | *kaivani | |
| 1st plur. | *kaivakcimëk *kaivakcimak |
*kaivoicimëk *kaivoicimak |
*kaivanëmëk *kaivanëmak | |
| 2nd plur. | *kaivakcidëk *kaivakcidak |
*kaivoicidëk *kaivoicidak |
*kaivanëdëk *kaivanëdak | |
| 3rd plur. | *kaivakci | *kaivoici | *kaivani | |
| passive | *kaivadakcihën *kaivat'akcihën |
*kaivadicihën *kaivatticihën |
*kaivadanëhën *kaivattanëhën | |
| connegative | *kaivakcik | *kaivoicik | *kaivanëk | |
| passive connegative | *kaivadakcik *kaivat'akcik |
*kaivadicik *kaivatticik |
*kaivadanëk *kaivattanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *kaivadak | present | *kaivaba | *kaivadapa *kaivattapa |
| infinitive 2 | *kaivadë- | past | *kaivanut | *kaivadu *kaivattu |
| gerund/supine | *kaivama | negative | *kaivamat'oin | |
| action noun | *kaivaminen | |||
Descendants
- Estonian: kaevama/kaevata
- Finnish: kaivaa
- Ingrian: kaivaa
- Karelian:
- North Karelian: kaivua
- South Karelian: kaivua
- Livonian: kouvõ, (Salaca) kou
- Livvi: kaivua
- Ludian: kaivada
- Veps: kaida
- Võro: kaibma/kaibaq
- Votic: kaiva
References
- ^ Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “kaivaa”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja[1] (in Finnish), retrieved 4 August 2025
- ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–), “*kaiva-”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary][2] (in Finnish)