Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/orja

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

From Proto-Finno-Permic *orja, probably borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *áryas (“Aryan”);[1] see the Proto-Finno-Permic entry for more. Cognates include Erzya уре (ure), Moksha уре (ure), possibly Proto-Samic *oarjē (“south”).

Noun

*orja[2]

  1. slave
  2. servant

Inflection

Inflection of *orja
Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
singular plural
nominative *orja *orjat
accusative *orjan *orjat
genitive *orjan *orjadën
*orjëidën
partitive *orjada *orjëida
inessive *orjassa
*orjahna 		*orjëissa
*orjëihna
elative *orjasta *orjëista
illative *orjahën *orjëihën
adessive *orjalla *orjëilla
ablative *orjalta *orjëilta
allative *orjalën
*orjalëk 		*orjëilën
*orjëilëk
essive *orjana *orjëina
translative *orjaksi *orjëiksi
instructive *orjan *orjëin
comitative *orjanëk *orjëinëk
abessive *orjatta *orjëitta

Descendants

  • Estonian: ori
  • Finnish: orja
  • Ingrian: orja
  • Karelian:
    • North Karelian: orja
    • South Karelian: orja
  • Livonian: vȱŗa (“holder for a shingles burnt for lighting”)
  • Livvi: orja
  • Veps: orj
  • Võro: ori
  • Votic: orjõ

References

  1. ^ Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “orja”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja‎[1] (in Finnish), retrieved 4 August 2025
  2. ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–), “*orja”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary]‎[2] (in Finnish)

Further reading

  • “ori”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
  • Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words]‎[3] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
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