Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/vihma

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

From earlier *wišma, cognate with Proto-Samic *vësmē, possibly onomatopoeic,[1], or alternatively, according to Metsäranta (2025), possibly borrowed from a substrate.[2]

Noun

*vihma[3]

  1. rain

Inflection

Inflection of *vihma
Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
singular plural
nominative *vihma *vihmat
accusative *vihman *vihmat
genitive *vihman *vihmadën
*vihmoidën
partitive *vihmada *vihmoida
inessive *vihmassa
*vihmahna 		*vihmoissa
*vihmoihna
elative *vihmasta *vihmoista
illative *vihmahën *vihmoihën
adessive *vihmalla *vihmoilla
ablative *vihmalta *vihmoilta
allative *vihmalën
*vihmalëk 		*vihmoilën
*vihmoilëk
essive *vihmana *vihmoina
translative *vihmaksi *vihmoiksi
instructive *vihman *vihmoin
comitative *vihmanëk *vihmoinëk
abessive *vihmatta *vihmoitta

Descendants

  • Estonian: vihm
  • Finnish: vihma
  • Ingrian: vihma
  • Karelian:
  • Livonian: vī’mõ
  • Livvi: vihmu
  • Veps: vihm
  • Võro: vihm
  • Votic: vihmõ

References

  1. ^ Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004), Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN
  2. ^ Metsäranta, Niklas (2025) Substrate in Finno-Permic languages [1]
  3. ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–), “*vihma”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary]‎[2] (in Finnish)
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