Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/akwisī

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From apparent pre-Germanic *h₂egʷésih₂ (“axe”), which along with Ancient Greek ἀξῑ́νη (axī́nē) and Latin ascia is probably a borrowing from a non-Indo-European language. Compare also Akkadian 𒍏𒄩𒍣𒅔 (ḫaṣṣinnum), Aramaic חצינא (ḥăṣṣīnā).

Noun

*akwisī f^[1]

axe
Synonyms: *adisô, *bardō, *bardǭ, *bīþlaz

Inflection

Ablaut was preserved in this noun: full-grade -wi- in the nominative and vocative alternated with zero-grade -u- in the rest of the paradigm.^[2]

Declension of *akwisī (ī/jō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*akwisī	*akuzijôz
vocative	*akwisī	*akuzijôz
accusative	*akuzijǭ	*akuzijōz
genitive	*akuzijōz	*akuzijǫ̂
dative	*akuzijōi	*akuzijōmaz
instrumental	*akuzijō	*akuzijōmiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *akusi
- Old English: æx, æces, acas, eax
  - Middle English: ax, axe, ex, exe
    - English: axe, ax
    - Scots: aix
- Old Frisian: axa
  - Saterland Frisian: Äkse
- Old Saxon: akus
  - Middle Low German: axe, ēxe, akes
    - Low German: Ax, Äx, Ex
      - Westphalian:
        Märkisch: Akes
    - Plautdietsch: Akjs
- Old Dutch: acus
  - Middle Dutch: ākes, āex
    - Dutch: aks, aaks (dated), akst (archaic, literary), akst
      - Negerhollands: aks
      - → Sranan Tongo: aksi
    - Limburgish: aaks
- Old High German: ackis, ackus
  - Middle High German: ackes, aks, ax, axt
    - German: Axt
    - Luxembourgish: Aaxt
Old Norse: øx, ǫx
- Icelandic: öxi, exi, öx
- Faroese: øks
- Norwegian Bokmål: øks
- Norwegian Nynorsk: øks
- Old Swedish: øx, øxa
  - Swedish: yxa
- Old Danish: øx, øxæ
  - Danish: økse
- Elfdalian: öks
- Old Gutnish: yxi
  - Gutnish: yx
- Scanian: yğsa
Gothic: 𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌹 (aqizi)
→ Proto-Samic: *ākšōjō (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Slavic: *okъša, *okъšy (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*akwesī-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 19
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 270

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*akwesī-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 19

[2] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 270

[1]

[2]