Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hīgōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey(H)gʰ- (“to move quickly, jump; swift, fierce”),^[1] thereby cognate with e.g. Russian сига́ть (sigátʹ, “to spring, jump”) (Proto-Slavic *sigáti) and maybe Sanskrit शीघ्र (śīghrá-, “quick, fast”); if so, Old English may preserve the original sense. Further derived from *ḱey- (“to move”); compare Latin cieō (“set in motion, invoke, provoke”), Ancient Greek κινέω (kinéō, “move, set in motion”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxiː.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hīgōną

to breathe (heavily), pant, snort, wheeze
(possibly) to move quickly, hasten

Inflection

Conjugation of *hīgōną (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hīgō	*hīgǭ	—	*hīgōi	?
2nd singular	*hīgōsi	*hīgōs	*hīgō	*hīgōsai	*hīgōsau
3rd singular	*hīgōþi	*hīgō	*hīgōþau	*hīgōþai	*hīgōþau
1st dual	*hīgōs	*hīgōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hīgōþiz	*hīgōþiz	*hīgōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hīgōmaz	*hīgōm	—	*hīgōnþai	*hīgōnþau
2nd plural	*hīgōþ	*hīgōþ	*hīgōþ	*hīgōnþai	*hīgōnþau
3rd plural	*hīgōnþi	*hīgōn	*hīgōnþau	*hīgōnþai	*hīgōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hīgōdǭ	*hīgōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*hīgōdēz	*hīgōdēdīz
3rd singular	*hīgōdē	*hīgōdēdī
1st dual	*hīgōdēdū	*hīgōdēdīw
2nd dual	*hīgōdēdudiz	*hīgōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*hīgōdēdum	*hīgōdēdīm
2nd plural	*hīgōdēdud	*hīgōdēdīd
3rd plural	*hīgōdēdun	*hīgōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hīgōndz	*hīgōdaz

Derived terms

*hiksatjaną
*hiksōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hīgōn
- Old English: hīgian (“to hasten, hurry”, < *hīgōjan)
  - Middle English: hyen
    - English: hie
    - Scots: hie
- Old Saxon: *hīgōn
  - Middle Low German: hîgen, hîchen; (hêgen, heigen)
    - Low German: higen
- Old Dutch: *hīgon
  - Middle Dutch: hīgen, hīghen
    - Dutch: hijgen; hikken
      - Afrikaans: hyg
- Old High German: *hīgōn (?)
  - ⇒? Middle High German: hecheln, hacheln (“to copulate”) (probably of different origin)
    - >? German: hechen, heichen, hecheln (“to pant”) (possibly from Low German)
Old Norse: *híga; (hexta)
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: hike, hika, (hikke, hikka)
  - (Norwegian Bokmål: hikke)
- (Swedish: hicka, (dialectal) hikja)
- Scanian: hiğa
- Danish: hige (hikke)
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: hige

References

^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 303: “*k̂eigh- ‘fast’”

[1] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 303: “*k̂eigh- ‘fast’”

[1]