Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwikwaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

  • *kwiwaz

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós (“alive”).

This word has been supposed to be an example of an h₃w > gʷ > kw shift termed Cowgill's Law (see there for more). However, Kroonen, Steer, and Kölligan[1] give their own alternative explanations without invoking such a sound law:

  • Kroonen reconstructs *gʷih₃wós as a reduplicated *gʷigʷh₃wós, with *kwiwaz and other Indo-European relatives dissimilating the second labiovelar to *w; *kwikwaz would be due to irregular preservation or secondary restoration of the reduplication.[2]
  • Steer presumes that *kwiwaz came first from a shortening of *ī (<*ih₃) before the once-accented final syllable, and the *-kw- came from assimilation to the word-initial consonant.
  • Kölligan rejects derivation of *kwikwaz from *gʷih₃wós altogether, instead proposing a different reduplication *gʷi-gʷh₂-ó-s from *gʷeh₂- (“to step”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈkʷi.kʷɑz/

Adjective

*kwikwaz

  1. alive
  2. lively, quick

Inflection

Declension of *kwikwaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *kwikwaz *kwikwō *kwikwą, -atō *kwikwai *kwikwôz *kwikwō
accusative *kwikwanǭ *kwikwǭ *kwikwą, -atō *kwikwanz *kwikwōz *kwikwō
genitive *kwikwas, -is *kwikwaizōz *kwikwas, -is *kwikwaizǫ̂ *kwikwaizǫ̂ *kwikwaizǫ̂
dative *kwikwammai *kwikwaizōi *kwikwammai *kwikwaimaz *kwikwaimaz *kwikwaimaz
instrumental *kwikwanō *kwikwaizō *kwikwanō *kwikwaimiz *kwikwaimiz *kwikwaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *kwikwô *kwikwǭ *kwikwô *kwikwaniz *kwikwōniz *kwikwōnō
accusative *kwikwanų *kwikwōnų *kwikwô *kwikwanunz *kwikwōnunz *kwikwōnō
genitive *kwikwiniz *kwikwōniz *kwikwiniz *kwikwanǫ̂ *kwikwōnǫ̂ *kwikwanǫ̂
dative *kwikwini *kwikwōni *kwikwini *kwikwammaz *kwikwōmaz *kwikwammaz
instrumental *kwikwinē *kwikwōnē *kwikwinē *kwikwammiz *kwikwōmiz *kwikwammiz

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  1. ^ Kölligan, Daniel (2020), “The walking and the dead: a note on Gmc. *kwikwa- ‘alive’”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics‎[1], volume 133, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISSN, →JSTOR, pages 155–166
  2. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kwiwa- ~ *kwikwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 320
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