Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*stēną^[1]^[2]

Etymology

The present stem derives from a Pre-Germanic j-present, *sth₂-yé/ó-, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. Because it represents a formation known in Indo-European times, it may have been inherited. The past stem derives from an innovated extended form of the root, Pre-Germanic perfect singular *stéh₂-t-, nonsingular *sth₂-t-´. The process that led to this extension is unknown, however.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈstɑː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stāną^[3]

to stand

Inflection

Irregular; the present is similar to verbs of weak class 3-ā. The past tense forms are shared with the synonymous verb *standaną.

Conjugation of *stāną (irregular)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*stō	?	—	—	—
2nd singular	*staisi	?	*stai	—	—
3rd singular	*staiþi	?	*stāþau	—	—
1st dual	*stōs	?	—	—	—
2nd dual	*stāþiz	?	*stāþiz	—	—
1st plural	*stāmaz	?	—	—	—
2nd plural	*staiþ	?	*staiþ	—	—
3rd plural	*stānþi	?	*stānþau	—	—

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stōþ	*stōdį̄
2nd singular	*stōst	*stōdīz
3rd singular	*stōþ	*stōdī
1st dual	*stōdū	*stōdīw
2nd dual	*stōdudiz	*stōdīdiz
1st plural	*stōdum	*stōdīm
2nd plural	*stōdud	*stōdīd
3rd plural	*stōdun	*stōdīn

	present	past
participles	*stāndz	*stadanaz

Synonyms

*standaną

Derived terms

*frastāną
*stadiz
*stadaz
*stadjaną
*understāną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *stān
- Old Frisian: stān
  - West Frisian: stean
- Old Saxon: stān
  - Middle Low German: stān
    - German Low German: stahn
- Old Dutch: stān
  - Middle Dutch: stâen
    - Dutch: staan
      - Afrikaans: staan
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: tan
      - Jersey Dutch: stân
      - Negerhollands: staan, tan
      - → Biak: vestan
    - Limburgish: staon
- Old High German: stān, stēn
  - Middle High German: stān, stēn
    - Alemannic German: staa, schtaa
    - Bavarian:
      Cimbrian: stean
      Mòcheno: stean
      Northern Bavarian: [ʒ̊d̥ɛi]
    - Central Franconian: stohn, stonn, stiehn
      Hunsrik: stehn
      Luxembourgish: stoen
    - German: stehen
    - Rhine Franconian: stehn
      Pennsylvania German:
    - Vilamovian: śtejn
    - Yiddish: שטיין (shteyn)
Old Norse: *stá
- Faroese: stá
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: stå
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: stå
- Old Swedish: stā
  - Swedish: stå
- Danish: stå
→? Proto-Finnic: *soora (“straight”) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*stēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 477
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*stēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 377
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 134, 264: “*stā- ~ *stai-”

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*stēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 477

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003), “*stēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 377

[3] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 134, 264: “*stā- ~ *stai-”

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[2]

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