Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/startijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)terd-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter- (“to be stiff”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈstɑr.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*startijaną[1]

  1. to stand out stiffly

Inflection

Conjugation of *startijaną (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *startijō *startijaų — *startijai ?
2nd singular *startīsi *startijais *startī *startijasai *startijaisau
3rd singular *startīþi *startijai *startijaþau *startijaþai *startijaiþau
1st dual *startijōs *startijaiw — — —
2nd dual *startijaþiz *startijaiþiz *startijaþiz — —
1st plural *startijamaz *startijaim — *startijanþai *startijainþau
2nd plural *startīþ *startijaiþ *startīþ *startijanþai *startijainþau
3rd plural *startijanþi *startijain *startijanþau *startijanþai *startijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *startidǭ *startidēdį̄
2nd singular *startidēz *startidēdīz
3rd singular *startidē *startidēdī
1st dual *startidēdū *startidēdīw
2nd dual *startidēdudiz *startidēdīdiz
1st plural *startidēdum *startidēdīm
2nd plural *startidēdud *startidēdīd
3rd plural *startidēdun *startidēdīn
present past
participles *startijandz *startidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *startijan
    • Old High German: *sterzen
      • Middle High German: sterzen
  • Old Norse: sterta

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*startjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 372
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