Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/staupijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈstɑu̯.pi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From *staupaz (“pitcher, jar, bucket"; originally "steep, high”) +‎ *-janą.^[1]

Verb

*staupijaną

to pour
to soak, to make wet
to cast metal

Inflection

Conjugation of *staupijaną (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*staupijō	*staupijaų	—	*staupijai	?
2nd singular	*staupīsi	*staupijais	*staupī	*staupijasai	*staupijaisau
3rd singular	*staupīþi	*staupijai	*staupijaþau	*staupijaþai	*staupijaiþau
1st dual	*staupijōs	*staupijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*staupijaþiz	*staupijaiþiz	*staupijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*staupijamaz	*staupijaim	—	*staupijanþai	*staupijainþau
2nd plural	*staupīþ	*staupijaiþ	*staupīþ	*staupijanþai	*staupijainþau
3rd plural	*staupijanþi	*staupijain	*staupijanþau	*staupijanþai	*staupijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*staupidǭ	*staupidēdį̄
2nd singular	*staupidēz	*staupidēdīz
3rd singular	*staupidē	*staupidēdī
1st dual	*staupidēdū	*staupidēdīw
2nd dual	*staupidēdudiz	*staupidēdīdiz
1st plural	*staupidēdum	*staupidēdīm
2nd plural	*staupidēdud	*staupidēdīd
3rd plural	*staupidēdun	*staupidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*staupijandz	*staupidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *staupijan
- Old English: *stīepan
  - Middle English: stepen (possibly loaned from Old Norse instead)
    - English: steep
- Old Saxon: *stōpian
  - Middle Low German: stȫpen
Old Norse: steypa
- Icelandic: steypa
- Faroese: stoypa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: støypa
- Old Swedish: stø̄pa
  - Swedish: stöpa
- Danish: støbe
  - Norwegian Bokmål: støpe

Etymology 2

From *stūpaną (“to stoop, fall down”) +‎ *-janą (causative).^[2]

Verb

*staupijaną^[2] (North Germanic)

to make fall down, to make stumble
to throw down, to overthrow

Inflection

Conjugation of *staupijaną (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*staupijō	*staupijaų	—	*staupijai	?
2nd singular	*staupīsi	*staupijais	*staupī	*staupijasai	*staupijaisau
3rd singular	*staupīþi	*staupijai	*staupijaþau	*staupijaþai	*staupijaiþau
1st dual	*staupijōs	*staupijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*staupijaþiz	*staupijaiþiz	*staupijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*staupijamaz	*staupijaim	—	*staupijanþai	*staupijainþau
2nd plural	*staupīþ	*staupijaiþ	*staupīþ	*staupijanþai	*staupijainþau
3rd plural	*staupijanþi	*staupijain	*staupijanþau	*staupijanþai	*staupijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*staupidǭ	*staupidēdį̄
2nd singular	*staupidēz	*staupidēdīz
3rd singular	*staupidē	*staupidēdī
1st dual	*staupidēdū	*staupidēdīw
2nd dual	*staupidēdudiz	*staupidēdīdiz
1st plural	*staupidēdum	*staupidēdīm
2nd plural	*staupidēdud	*staupidēdīd
3rd plural	*staupidēdun	*staupidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*staupijandz	*staupidaz

Descendants

Old Norse: steypa
- Icelandic: steypa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: støypa

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*staupa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 475: “*staupjan-”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003), “*staupjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 373

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*staupa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 475: “*staupjan-”

[HGE-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003), “*staupjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 373

[1]

[2]