Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱe

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Particle

    *ḱi- ~ *ḱe- ~ *ḱo- or *-ḱe

    1. Deictic particle, here
    2. Post-positional demonstrative particle, this

    Usage notes

    The particle in Proto-Indo-European was indeclinable. Some daughter languages, particularly Balto-Slavic, Germanic and Armenian added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with particles *de, *h₂ew, and *gʰe.

    Although it does not have an exact equivalent in English, French là and Arabic ها (-hā) are used in the same way.

    Descendants

    • Proto-Anatolian: *ḱí
      • Hittite: 𒆠𒄿 n (ki-i /⁠kī⁠/)[1]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *še[2]
      • Lithuanian: šè (“look there”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *se
        • Old Church Slavonic: се (se, “behold”)[3]
    • >? Proto-Hellenic: *ke (“in this case”, marks the optative as potential)[2]
      • Epic Greek: κε (ke) (if unrelated to κεν (ken))
        • Doric Greek: κα (ka) (if hyperdoricism)
    • Proto-Italic: *ke (see there for further descendants)

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *ḱe
    • *ḱí-s (innovative i-stem pronoun)
    • *ḱó-s (innovative o-stem pronoun)
      • Proto-Anatolian: *ḱā́s[1]
        • Hittite: 𒅗𒀀𒀸 (ka-a-aš /⁠kās⁠/)
        • Luwian: 𒍝𒀀𒀸 (za-a-aš)
        • Palaic: [script needed] (kāt)
      • Old Armenian: *սո- (*so-)
      • Proto-Celtic: *koi (from the locative singular)
      • ⇒? *ḱom (“with”)
    Compounds
    • *ǵʰé-ḱe, ǵʰó-ḱe[4]
      • Proto-Italic: *he(i)ke, *hoke ?
    • *ḱi-h₂éh₃mr-om
      • Proto-Hellenic: *ťāmeron
        • Ancient Greek: σήμερον (sḗmeron) (see there for further descendants)
    • *h₁é-ḱey-h₁(e)nos (formed with the augment *h₁é and pronoun *h₁enos)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *ékeyenos
    • *ḱyés-dʰh₁- (with *dʰeh₁- (“to put”)[5]) (the Latin is alternatively < *ḱye-sd-, with *sed- (“to sit”))
      • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáydʰati
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáydʰati
        • Proto-Iranian: *sáydʰati
          • Avestan: 𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬝 (siiazdat̰, “will chase away”)
      • >? Proto-Italic: *kezdō
        • Latin: cēdō (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “kā- / kū- / ki-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425–427: “PIE *ḱo-, *ḱi-”
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*k̑e, *k̑i 'dies; hier'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 396-404
    3. ^ “се”, in GORAZD (overall work in Czech, English, and Russian), http://gorazd.org, 2016—2025
    4. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “hic, haec, hoc”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 284
    5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cēdō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 103–104
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