Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)tewd-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    Extended from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).

    Root

    *(s)tewd-

    1. to push, to hit

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)tewd- (10 c, 0 e)
    • *stud-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)
      • Proto-Italic: *studēō
    • *tud-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)
    • *tu-né-d-ti ~ *tu-n-d-énti (nasal infix present)
      • ⇒ *(s)tund-tó-s
        • >? Proto-Germanic: *stuntaz (“short, stunted”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Albanian: tund
      • Armenian:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tundáti
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tundáti
          • Sanskrit: तुण्डते (tundáte)
        • Proto-Iranian: *tundáti (“to act violently”)[1]
          • Middle Persian: (“sharp, violent”)
            Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twnd /⁠tund⁠/)
            Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫗𐫅 (twnd /⁠tund⁠/)
            • Persian: تند (tond)
              • → Armenian: թունդ (tʻund)
              • → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܬܘܢܕ (tund)
              • → Azerbaijani: tünd
              • → Khalaj: tund
              • → Kyrgyz: түнт (tünt)
              • → Ottoman Turkish: تند (tund, tünd)
          • Kurdish:
            Central Kurdish: توند (tund)
            Northern Kurdish: tund
        • Zazaki: tun
      • Proto-Italic:
    • *stówd-e-ti (o-grade intensive)[2]
      • Proto-Germanic: *stautaną (see there for further descendants)
    • *(s)te-(s)tówd-e ~ *(s)te-(s)tud-ḗr (stative)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutáwda
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tutáwda
          • Sanskrit: तुतोद (tutóda)
      • Proto-Italic:
    • *towd-ó-s (“driver”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawdás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawdás
          • Sanskrit: तोद (todá)
    • *téwd-ti-s ~ *tud-téy-s
    • Unsorted formations:

    Further reading

    References

    1. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 390
    2. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*stautan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 476
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