Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hyós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Possibly a thematisation of *(H)ís,^[1]^[2] which would point to an initial laryngeal (likely *h₁) in that term.

Alternatively, Dunkel proposes a thematisation of *h₂i.^[3]

Pronoun

*Hyós^[4]^[5]

that, who, which (relative)

Alternative reconstructions

*h₁yós^[1]
*h₂yós^[3]
*yós^[2] (considered outdated because this would result in Ancient Greek ζ- (z-))

Inflection

Thematic pronominal
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*Hyós	*Hyéh₂
genitive	*Hyósyo	*Hyósyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Hyós	*Hyóh₁	*Hyóy
accusative	*Hyóm	*Hyóh₁	*Hyóms
genitive	*Hyósyo	*?	*HyóysoHom
ablative	*Hyósmead	*?	Hyóymos, Hyóybʰos
dative	*Hyósmey	*?	Hyóymos, Hyóybʰos
locative	*Hyósmi	*?	*Hyóysu
instrumental	*Hyónoh₁	*?	*Hyṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Hyéh₂	*?	*Hyéh₂es
accusative	*Hyā́m	*?	*Hyéh₂m̥s
genitive	*Hyósyeh₂s	*?	*Hyéh₂soHom
ablative	*Hyósyeh₂s	*?	Hyéh₂mos, Hyéh₂bʰos
dative	*Hyósyeh₂ey	*?	Hyéh₂mos, Hyéh₂bʰos
locative	*Hyósyeh₂	*?	*Hyéh₂su
instrumental	*Hyéh₂(e)h₁	*?	Hyéh₂mis, Hyéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Hyód	*Hyóy	*Hyéh₂
accusative	*Hyód	*Hyóy	*Hyéh₂
genitive	*Hyósyo	*?	*HyóysoHom
ablative	*Hyósmead	*?	Hyóymos, Hyóybʰos
dative	*Hyósmey	*?	Hyóymos, Hyóybʰos
locative	*Hyósmi	*?	*Hyóysu
instrumental	*Hyónoh₁	*?	*Hyṓys

Derived terms

*Hyoyso-^[6]
- Proto-Hellenic: *yóihos
  - Ancient Greek: οἷος (hoîos)
*Hyo-tero-s (“which (of two)”)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *eterъ (or from *(h₁)é-tero-s^[7])
    - Old Church Slavonic: етеръ (eterŭ, “some, someone”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Cretan Ancient Greek: ὄτερος (óteros)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: यतर (yatará)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (yatāra)
*Hyó-ti (“how many (rel.)”)^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: यति (yáti)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yeⁱti)
- ⇒ *Hyoty-o-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *yótsos
    - Ancient Greek: ὅσος (hósos)
*Hyó-tro^[8]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyátra
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyátra
    - Vedic Sanskrit: यत्रा (yátrā) (with word-final lengthening)
    - Sanskrit: यत्र (yátra)
      - Pali: yatra
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hyátra
    - Avestan:
      Old Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬁 (yaθrā)
      Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (yaθra)
*Hyeh₂-wot (“as long as, until”)^[9]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἧος (hêos), ἕως (héōs)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: यावत् (yā́vat)
*Hyó-th₂^[3]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Aeolic Greek: ὅτα (hóta, “when”)
- ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyátʰaH (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ὡς (hōs) ὅστις (hóstis), ἡλίκος (hēlíkos), ἡνίκα (hēníka), ἦμος (êmos)
Sanskrit: यदि (yádi)

Descendants

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *jь (partially) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *yo, *so
- Celtiberian: ios
- Gaulish: -ío
- Old Irish: -a (after a preposition; in other cases transphonologized as relative forms of verbs and leniting relative clauses)
Proto-Germanic:
- Proto-Norse: ᛁᚨᛊ (ias), ᛁᚨᛉ (iaʀ)^[3]
Proto-Hellenic: *yós
- Ancient Greek: ὅς (hós)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyás (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: iam (< *jā́m)
Phrygian: ιος (ios /⁠jos⁠/)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὅς 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1117
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 396
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 312-320
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 55
^ Lundquist, Jesse; Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2101: “*hₓyo-”
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τοῖος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1491
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*eterъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 147
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “yátra”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἔως 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 493

[Beekes-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὅς 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1117

[sihler-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 396

[LIPP-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 312-320

[4] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 55

[5] Lundquist, Jesse; Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2101: “*hₓyo-”

[6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τοῖος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1491

[7] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*eterъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 147

[IAIL-8] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “yátra”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[9] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἔως 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 493

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