Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁éǵʰs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Etymology

    Extension of *h₁éǵʰ (“out”) with the adverbial suffix *-s.[1]

    Adverb

    *h₁éǵʰs[1][2]

    1. out

    Alternative reconstructions

    Reconstruction notes

    Celtic and Greek point to PIE *h₁eḱs. Balto-Slavic *iś and *iź (either could be word-sandhi variant of the other) forms have unexplained initial *i-. However, due to aspirates in the old compounds such as ἔσχατος (éskhatos) and ἐχθός (ekhthós), a pre-form *h₁eǵʰs is needed.[2] Dunkel reconstructs without *h₁ because he allows vowel-initial words.

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₁eǵʰs
    • *h₁éǵʰs-tos
      • Proto-Albanian: *e(k)šta[6]
      • Proto-Celtic: *extos (“except, but”)[7]
        • Old Irish: acht (“but, provided that”), act
      • Proto-Hellenic: *ekʰthós, *ekʰ(h)tós
        • Ancient Greek: ἐχθός (ekhthós), ἐκτός (ektós) (see there for further descendants)
    • *h₁éǵʰs-teros
      • Proto-Celtic: *exteros (“outside (of), without”)[8] (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *eksteros
    • *h₁éǵʰs-tm̥mos
      • Proto-Albanian:
      • Proto-Celtic: *extamos[9]
        • Proto-Brythonic: *extaβ̃
          • Welsh: eithaf (“extreme, farthest; extremity, end”)
      • >? Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰstətos (with regular superlative suffix from *-tm̥-tos)
        • Ancient Greek: ἔσχατος (éskhatos, “outermost, farthest, most remote, last”) (with metathesis and simplification of the cluster) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *ekstemos
        • Latin: extimus (“outermost, farthest”)

    Descendants

    • Proto-Albanian: *its
      • Albanian: ith (“back, backward”), ish- (“former”) (< ek's)
    • Proto-Albanian: *eś-
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *iź, *iś
      • Latvian: iz
      • Lithuanian: iš
      • Old Prussian: is
      • Proto-Slavic: *jьz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *exs, *exs- (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *eh
    • Proto-Hellenic: *eks, *eks-
      • Ancient Greek: ἐξ (ex), ἐξ- (ex-) > ἐκ (ek), ἐκ- (ek-)
      • Mycenaean Greek: *eks-
        • ⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀒𐀰𐀺𐀒 (e-ko-so-wo-ko, “outside workers”)
    • Proto-Italic: *eɣ, *eks (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ex, ē, ec-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 195-196
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἐξ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433
    3. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 205
    4. ^ Hackstein, Olav (2023), “When words coalesce II: Preverb incorporation in Indo-European”, in Indo-European Linguistics‎[1], volume 11, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 14
    5. ^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015), The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 262
    6. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “jashtë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 158
    7. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*extos”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120
    8. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*extero-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120
    9. ^ “Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009)”
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