Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/melh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Etymology

    Often compared to *(s)meld-.

    Root

    *melh₂- (imperfective)[1][2]

    1. to grind, to crush

    Alternative reconstructions

    Extensions

    • *melh₂-dʰh₁- (“to beat, pound, grind”)
      • ⇒? *méldʰeti
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *márdʰati[5]
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márdʰati
            • Sanskrit: मर्धति (márdhati, “to abandon, neglect”)
      • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldǭ (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒? Proto-Hellenic:
      • ⇒ *meldʰ-n- (“lightning”)
        • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mildnis
          • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mъldni (“lightning”) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
          • Latvian: milna (“hammer of the thunderer”)
        • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
          • Old Prussian: mealde (“lightning”)
        • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldunjaz
    • *melh₂-k-
      • *ml̥h₂-k-s
        • Proto-Hellenic: *mlāks
      • *ml̥h₂-k-os
      • Unsorted formations:
        • >? Proto-Celtic:
          • Old Irish: malcad (“rottenness, putrefaction”)
    • *melh₂-n-os

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *melh₂- (43 c, 0 e)
    • *mélh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)
      • Proto-Celtic: *meleti (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei
        • Latgalian: maļt
        • Latvian: mal̃t
        • Lithuanian: málti
        • Proto-Slavic: *mèlti (see there for further descendants)
    • *mélh₂-ti (athematic root present)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei
        • Proto-Slavic: *melti (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *melō (see there for further descendants)
    • *ml̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *ml̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)
      • Armenian:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥náHti
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥náHti
          • Sanskrit: मृणाति (mṛṇā́ti) (also from *merh₂-[7])
    • *molh₂-e-ti (o-grade root present)
      • Proto-Germanic: *malaną (see there for further descendants)
    • *mélh₂-os
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málas
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *málas
    • *melh₂-tlo- (perhaps)
      • Proto-Italic:
        • Latin: marculus, martulus (see there for further descendants)
    • *melh₂-wo-m
      • Proto-Albanian: *melwa
      • Proto-Germanic: *melwą (see there for further descendants)
    • *ml̥h₂-téh₂
      • Proto-Germanic: *muldō (see there for further descendants)
    • *molh₂-éh₂
      • Proto-Hellenic: *mólā
      • Proto-Italic: *molā
        • Latin: mola (see there for further descendants)
    • *molh₂-ós (agent noun)
      • Proto-Celtic: *molos
        • Old Irish: mol (“axle for a mill-wheel”)
          • Irish: mol (“hub, shaft”)
          • Scottish Gaelic: mul (“axis, axle-tree”)
    • *molh₂-mo-s
      • Proto-Germanic: *malmaz (see there for further descendants)
    • *melh₂-no-
      • Proto-Italic:
        • Latin: malleus (see there for further descendants)
    • *mélh₂-om
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málam
    • *molh₂-to-s
      • Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *moltъ (see there for further descendants)
    • *ml̥h₂- (zero-grade)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀ-kis
    Unsorted formations
    • Albanian:
    • Anatolian:[2]
      • Hittite: [script needed] (malla-i)
      • Luwian: [script needed] (mal(ḫ)u-)
    • Armenian:[6]
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *mělъ (“finely ground substance, chalk”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Slavic: *malina (“raspberry”) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Germanic: *mildijaz (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Hellenic:
    • >? Proto-Italic: *meljom
      • Latin: milium (“millet”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian B: mӓl-

    References

    1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “molō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 547–548
    3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μύλη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 979-980
    4. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “MARI¹”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 319-320
    5. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “MARDH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 328-9
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 443–444
    7. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 440
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