Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/men-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*men-^[1]^[2]

to think, mind
spiritual activity

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *men- (think) (44 c, 0 e)

*mn̥-tó (deponent root aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अमत (ámata)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬁 (maṇtā) (with analogical introduction of the full grade root)
*mn̥-yé-tor (ye-deponent)
- Proto-Celtic: *manyetor (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *məňňómai
  - Ancient Greek: μαίνομαι (maínomai)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mányatay (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
  - ⇒? Latin: comminīscor, reminīscor (with inchoative suffix -scō)
*me-mn-eh₂-sḱé-ti (reduplicated thematic sḱe-present)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μιμνῄσκω (mimnēískō)
*me-món-e ~ *me-mn-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
*mon-éye-ti (eye-causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latgalian: maneit' (“to notice, to observe, to perceive”)
  - Lithuanian: manyti (“to deem”)
  - Latvian: manīt
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mānáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mānáyati
    - Sanskrit: मानयति (mānayati)
- Proto-Italic: *moneō (see there for further descendants)
*mn-eh₂-yé-tor (thematic ye-deponent)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μνάομαι (mnáomai)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mnaHyátay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mnaHyátay
    - Sanskrit: म्नायते (mnāyate)
*mn̥-éh₁-(ye)-ti
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *minḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)
*mn-eh₂-mō
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μνήμων (mnḗmōn)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: μνημοσύνη (mnēmosúnē)
*mn̥-tó-s (“thought”)
*mé-mn-os or *me-mn̥-wṓs^[3]
- Proto-Italic: *memnos
  - Latin: memor
*mé-mn-ō
- >? Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: (θρασυ)μέμνων ((thrasu)mémnōn)
*mén-mn̥ ~ *mn̥-mén-s (“understanding”)
- Proto-Celtic: *menman (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mánman
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mánman
    - Sanskrit: मन्मन् (mánman)
*mén-os (“mind”)
*mén-ti-s ~ *mn̥-téy-s (“thought”)
*mén-tōr
- Proto-Hellenic: *méntōr
  - Ancient Greek: Μέντωρ (Méntōr)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mántā
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mántā
    - Sanskrit: मन्तृ (mantṛ́)

Extensions

*men-*dʰ- ~ *meh₂-dʰ? (probably neo-root of einzelsprachlich origin, re-analyzed from *mn̥(s)-dʰh₁-)
- Proto-Germanic: *mundraz (< *mn̥-dʰ-ro-)
- Proto-Germanic: *mundōną
- Proto-Hellenic: *məntʰánō or *mantʰánō (< *mn̥-n-dʰ- or *mh₂-n-dʰ-) (nasal-infix)^[4]
  - Ancient Greek: μανθάνω (manthánō)
- Proto-Hellenic: *mətʰḗs or *matʰḗs (< *mn̥-dʰ-ḗs or *mh₂-dʰ-ḗs)
  - Ancient Greek: (ἀ)μᾰθής ((a)măthḗs)
- Proto-Hellenic: *mātʰḗs (< *meh₂-dʰ-ḗs)
  - Ancient Greek: (προ)μᾱθής ((pro)māthḗs), (προ)μηθής ((pro)mēthḗs)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: Μοῦσα (Moûsa) (< *mon-dʰ-ih₂) (perhaps)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *madᶻdʰáH (< *mn̥s-dʰh₁-éh₂)
- Proto-Italic: *monestrom
  - Latin: mōnstrum (< *mon-dʰ-tr-o- or *mon-s-tr-o-)?

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *minþijō
- Frankish: *minnjo
  - Old French: mignon
    - Middle French: mignon
      - English: minion
Proto-West Germanic: *muntijan (see there for further descendants)
Indo-Iranian:
- Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: मन्तु (mántu, “advisor, arbiter; counsel; mankind; understanding”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *man-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *man-
  - Sanskrit: मन् (man)
- Proto-Iranian: *man-
  - Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬥 (man)
- ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mántras (see there for further descendants)

Root

*men-^[5]^[6]^[7]

to stay, remain

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *men- (stay) (12 c, 0 e)

*mén-e-ti (root thematic present)^[5]^[8]
- Proto-Hellenic: *ménō
  - Ancient Greek: μένω (ménō, “to stay, remain”)
>? *me-món-e (reduplicated stative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamā́na
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamā́na
    - Sanskrit: ममन्धि (mamandhi, “wait!”, 2sg.ipv.perf.act.), अममन् (ámaman, “had waited”, 3sg.plqpf.act.), ममन्यात् (mamanyāt, 3sg.opt.perf.act.)^{[note 1]}
*mí-men-ti ~ *mí-mn̥-nti (i-reduplicated athematic present)^[5]^[8]^[9]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μίμνω (mímnō, “to stay, remain”)
- >? Proto-Anatolian: (unlikely^[10])
  - Hittite: 𒈪𒅎𒈠𒄿 (mi-im-ma-i, “to refuse, decline”, 3sg.pres.act.)
*mḗn-s-t ~ *mén-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔμεινα (émeina, “remained”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: mānsī (“remained”)
*mon-éye-ti (éye-causative)^[5]^[8]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mānáyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *mānáyati (see there for further descendants)
*m̥n-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)^[5]^[11]
- Proto-Armenian: *menāye-^[12] (or < *mn̥-h₁yé-ti ("essive")^[5])
  - Old Armenian: մնամ (mnam, 1sg.pres.)
    - Armenian: մնալ (mnal)
- Proto-Italic: *mnēō, *monēō^[11] (unexplained -o-)
  - Latin: maneō (see there for further descendants)
*mn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)^[5]^[13]
- Proto-Armenian: *menāsk̑et^[12]
  - Armenian: մնաց (mnacʻ, 3sg.aor.)
- (possibly) Proto-Tocharian: *mäsk- (“to reside, be”)^[13]
  - Tocharian A: mäskatär
  - Tocharian B: mäsketär
*mon-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *monā́
  - Ancient Greek: μονή (monḗ, “staying, detention”)
*mé-mn-ō
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: Μέμνων (Mémnōn)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *an-men- (“patience, forbearance”)^[14]^[8]
- Middle Welsh: anmynedd, amynedd
- Old Irish: ainmne

Notes

^ Or from *memóne, from the root *men- (“to think”).

Root

*men-

to stand out, to tower

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *men- (stand out) (12 c, 0 e)

*mn̥-éh₁-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *menēō
  - Latin: (ē)mineō, (im)mineō, (prō)mineō (see there for further descendants)
*men-eh₂
- Proto-Italic: *menā
  - Latin: minae
*mn̥-tó-s (“protruding”)
*món-tis ~ *mn̥-téy-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mátiš (< *mń̥tis)
  - Proto-Iranian: *mátiš
    - Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (maⁱti)
- Proto-Italic: *monts
  - Latin: mōns (see there for further descendants)
*mon-i-yo-
- Proto-Celtic: *moniyos (“mountain”) (see there for further descendants)
*mōn-i-yo-
- Proto-Germanic: *mōnijaz
  - Old Norse: mœnir (“ridge of a roof”)
*mōn-éye-ti
- Proto-Germanic: *mōnijaną
  - Old Norse: mœna (“to tower”)

Root

*men-^[15] (see also formations containing -n- under *mey- (“small, little”))

small, isolated

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *men- (small) (11 c, 0 e)

*món-wo-s
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μόνος (mónos, “alone”)
*mén-us ~ mn̥-éws^[16]
- Proto-Celtic: *menus
  - Old Irish: min
    - Irish: mion
    - Scottish Gaelic: mion
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - ⇒ Old Welsh: dimanuo (3sg. pres. subj.)
      - Middle Welsh: divanw
        Welsh: difenwi
  - ⇒ Old Irish: menb (from thematized *menwos)
    - Middle Irish: menb
      - Scottish Gaelic: meanbh
*mn̥(H)u-
- Old Armenian: մանր (manr, “little”)

Unsorted formations

- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒈠𒉌𒅔𒆪𒉿𒀭𒋼𒌍 (maninkuwantes, “short”).
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: meñkas (“negligible”)
- Germanic:
  - ⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *muniwu (“small fish”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μανός (manós, “sparse”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *manā́k
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *manā́k
    - Sanskrit: मनाक् (manā́k, “a little”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *menke
  - Tocharian A: mank
  - Tocharian B: menki (“lack”)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*men-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 435
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 561
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 454A.1
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2.*men-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 437
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “men-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 729
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*men-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 227
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μένω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 931-932
^ Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, page {{{1}}}
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “mimma-i / mimm-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 581-582
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “maneō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 363
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1
^{The template Template:R:xcl:Martirosyan:2013 does not use the parameter(s): head=mnam
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Martirosyan, Hrach (2013), “The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian”, in Journal of Language Relationship‎^[1], number 10, page 471
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “¹mäsk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 491-492
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*an-men-V-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 38
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “men-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 728
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 207

[9] Or from *memóne, from the root *men- (“to think”).

[De_Vaan_2008-1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[LIV_men1-2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*men-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 435

[3] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 561

[4] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 454A.1

[LIV_men2-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2.*men-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 437

[6] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “men-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 729

[7] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*men-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 227

[Beekes-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μένω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 931-932

[10] Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, page {{{1}}}

[11] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “mimma-i / mimm-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 581-582

[DeVaan2008-12] 11.0 ^11.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “maneō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 363

[Martirosyan-13] 12.0 ^12.1 ^{The template Template:R:xcl:Martirosyan:2013 does not use the parameter(s): head=mnam
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Martirosyan, Hrach (2013), “The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian”, in Journal of Language Relationship‎^[1], number 10, page 471

[Adams2013-14] 13.0 ^13.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “¹mäsk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 491-492

[15] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*an-men-V-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 38

[16] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “men-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 728

[17] Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 207

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[note 1]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]