Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/né

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Particle

*né^[1]^[2]

not

Derived terms

*n̥- (see there for further descendants)
*né eh₁^[1] or *nḗ^[3]^[4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nē
  - Lithuanian: nė̃ (“not even”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *ně
    - Old Church Slavonic: нѣ (ně)
  - >? Proto-Slavic: *ně- (“some but indefinite who”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *nē^[5]
  - Gothic: 𐌽𐌴 (nē)
  - Old Norse: né
- >? Proto-Italic: *nē (or from *méh₁, with replacement of m- by n-) (see there for further descendants)
*né íh₁^[1] or *né-y^[6]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *nī (“not, never”) (from earlier *nei)
  - Proto-West Germanic:
    - Old High German: nī^[7]
  - Old Norse: ní (see there for further descendants)
  - Gothic: 𐌽𐌴𐌹 (nei)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian: *nay
    - Old Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬉 (naē)
    - >? Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹 (n-i-y /⁠naiy⁠/) (or from *náyd)
- Proto-Italic: *nei
  - Latin: nī
*né-kʷe (“and not”)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (nekku, “not?”)^[8]
- Proto-Celtic: *nekʷe (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *nehw (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: neque
^? *no-h₁^[1]
- Proto-Italic:
  - ⇒ Latin: nōn (or from noenum^[9])

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic:
- Proto-West Germanic:
  - Old English: nā (see there for further descendants)
  - Old Frisian: nā, nō (see there for further descendants)
  - Middle Low German: nē
- Old Norse: nei (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *né

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *ne uka
- Albanian: nuk (not, doesn’t)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ne (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *ne (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *ne, *ni (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ná (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *nē (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “1.*né 'nicht'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 530-549
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 117
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “nė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 331
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “nē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 403-4
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 285-6
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “nī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 408
^ Jan de Vries (1977) [1957–1960], “ni”, in Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Old Norse Etymological Dictionary] (in German), 3rd edition, Leiden: E[vert] J[an] Brill, →OCLC, page 408.
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “nekku”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 601-602
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ne-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 403