Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tres-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*tres- (imperfective)^[1]^[2]

to tremble (with fear)

Synonyms

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tres- (9 c, 0 e)

*trés-e-ti (thematic present)^[3]
- Proto-Hellenic: *tréhō
  - Ancient Greek: τρέω (tréō)
  - ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trestós
    - Ancient Greek: ἄτρεστος (átrestos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trásati
    - Sanskrit: त्रसति (trásati) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trastás
      - Sanskrit: त्रस्त (trastá)
*tr̥s-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-inchoative)^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥sćáti
  - Proto-Iranian: *tr̥ŝáti (see there for further descendants)
*tros-éye-ti (causative)^[5]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trāsáyati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *trozeō
  - Latin: terreō
  - Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tusetu), tursitu (3sg.ipv.II); 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (tusetutu), tursotuto (3p.ipv.II), tursiandu (3p.pr.sb.ps.)
*tr̥s-éh₂^[5]
- Proto-Italic: *torsā (The name of a goddess, invoked to curse enemies)
  - Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄 (tupse), 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄 (tuse), turse (dat.sg.); tursar (gen.sg.); tursa (voc.sg.)
*trés-mn̥
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásma
  - Proto-Iranian: *θráhma (see there for further descendants)
*tr̥s-ró-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *trəhrós
  - Ancient Greek: τρηρόν (trērón), τρήρων (trḗrōn)
    Doric Greek: τρᾱρόν (trārón), τᾱρόν (tārón)
*tr̥s-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás
  - Proto-Iranian: *tr̥štáh
    - Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (taršta)
    - Parthian: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠tarsīd⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (tlsyt)

Unsorted formations
- Proto-Celtic: *tarr- (earlier *tars-, from zero grade *tr̥s-)
  - Old Irish: tarrach

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “tres-, ters-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1095
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tres-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 650-651
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τρέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1507-1508
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*θrah-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 393-394
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “terreō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 617

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “tres-, ters-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1095

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tres-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 650-651

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τρέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1507-1508

[4] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*θrah-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 393-394

[DV-5] 5.0 ^5.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “terreō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 617

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