Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/kapas

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

Early borrowing from East Austroasiatic, whence Proto-Mon-Khmer *kpaas. Compare Sanskrit कर्पास (karpāsa) and Old Chinese 布 (OC *pˤa-s) (B-S), both of which are probably Austroasiatic loans.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkapas/

Noun

*kapas

cotton, thread

Descendants

Celebic:
- Muna–Buton:
  - Muna: kapa
- Saluan–Banggai:
  - Balantak: kapas
- Tomini–Tolitoli:
  - Tajio: gapas
Greater Barito:
- Sama-Bajaw:
  - Central Sama: gapas
  - Mapun: gapas
  - West Coast Bajau: kapas
  - Yakan: gapas
- West Barito:
  - Ngaju: kapas
Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan: *kapas
- Bali–Sasak:
  - Balinese: ᬓᬧᬲ᭄ (kapas)
- Proto-Malayo-Chamic: *kapas
  - Proto-Chamic: *kapaːs^[1]
    - Acehnese: gapeueh
    - Coastal Chamic:
      - Eastern Cham: ꨆꨚꩍ (kapah)
    - Highlands Chamic:
      - Chru-Northern Chamic:
        Tsat: pa²¹
      - Jarai: kơpaih
      - Rade: kpaih
  - Proto-Malayic: *kapas
    - Iban: kapas
    - Malay: kapas
      - Indonesian: kapas
    - Minangkabau: kapeh
    - Urak Lawoi': กาปัซ (kapas)
North Borneo:
- Proto-North Sarawak:
  - Berawan–Lower Baram:
    - Miri': apas
  - Dayic:
    - Lun Bawang: kapas
- Northeast Sabah:
  - Bonggi: gapas
- Southwest Sabah:
  - Dusunic:
    - Rungus: gapas
    - Tobilung: gapas
  - Murutic:
    - Burusu: kapas
Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:
- Toba Batak: hapas
Proto-Oceanic:
- Fijian: kava
- Proto-Polynesian: *kafa (“sennit”)^[2]
  - Proto-Nuclear Polynesian: *kafa
    - Proto-Eastern Polynesian: *kaha
      - Marquesic:
        Hawaiian: ʻaha
        
        Mangarevan: kaha
        
        North Marquesan: kaha
      - Tahitic:
        Maori: kaha
        
        Penrhyn: kaha
        
        Rakahanga-Manihiki: kaha
        
        Rapa: ka’a
        
        Rarotongan: ka‘a
        
        Tahitian: aha
        
        Tuamotuan: kaha
    - Samoic–Outlier:
      - Ellicean:
        Kapingamarangi: gaha
        
        Nuguria: kaha
        
        Nukuoro: gaha
        
        Sikaiana: aha
        
        Takuu: kafa, kaha
        
        Tuvaluan: kafa
      - Futunic:
        Anuta: kapa
        
        East Futuna: kafa
        
        Emae: kafa
        
        Futuna-Aniwa: kafa
        
        Pileni: kaha
        
        Pukapukan: kawa
        
        Rennellese: kaha
        
        Tikopia: kafa
        
        West Uvean: kafa
      - Samoic:
        Samoan: ʻafa
        
        Tokelauan: kafa
  - Tongic:
    - Niuafo'ou: kafa
    - Niuean: kafa
    - Tongan: kafa
- Western Fijian: kava-ti
Old Javanese: kapas
- Javanese: ꦏꦥꦱ꧀ (kapas)
Proto-Philippine: *kapas ~ *kapəs
- Central Luzon:
  - Sambalic:
    - Abenlen Ayta: kapah
    - Bolinao: kápas
- Greater Central Philippine:
  - Central Philippine:
    - Bikol:
      - Bikol Central: gapas
    - Mansakan:
      - Tagakaulu Kalagan: gapas
    - Visayan:
      - Asi: gápas
      - Cebuano: gapas
      - Masbatenyo: gápas
      - Romblomanon: gāpas
      - Tausug: gapas
      - Waray-Waray: gapas
  - Gorontalo–Mongondow:
    - Mongondow: kapot
  - Manobo:
    - Ata Manobo: gapas
  - Palawanic:
    - Brooke's Point Palawano: gapas
- Northern Luzon:
  - Ilocano: kápas
  - Cagayan Valley:
    - Isnag: kápat
    - Yogad: kapát
  - Meso-Cordilleran:
    - Central Cordilleran:
      - Kalinga–Itneg:
        Binongan Itneg: kapes
        
        Lubuagan Kalinga: kapas
      - Nuclear Cordilleran:
        Central Bontoc: kápəs
        
        Batad Ifugao: kápoh, āpoh
        
        Kankanaey: kápes
        
        Northern Kankanay: kapes
    - Southern Cordilleran:
      - Ibaloi: kapes
      - Keley-I Kallahan: kapeh
      - Pangasinan: kapés
  - Northeastern Luzon:
    - Dupaningan Agta: kapas
- South Mindanao:
  - Tboli: gófós
Proto-South Sulawesi:
- Duri: kapaq, kapah

References

^ Thurgood, Graham (1999), From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change‎^[1], Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
^ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “KAFA.1”, in “POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 50, number 2, pages 551-559

[1] Thurgood, Graham (1999), From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change‎^[1], Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press

[2] Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “KAFA.1”, in “POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 50, number 2, pages 551-559

[1]

[2]