Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kayïr

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Tungusic *xońi (“sand; dirt”), whence Even [script needed] (ońịŋ, “sand; dirt”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*kayïr

Declension

Declension of *kayïr
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*kayïr
accusative	kayïrïg, kayïrnï¹⁾
genitive	*kayïrnïŋ
dative	*kayïrka
locative	*kayïrta
ablative	*kayïrtan
allative	*kayïrgaru
instrumental ²⁾	*kayïrïn
equative ²⁾	*kayïrča
similative ²⁾	*kayïrlayu
comitative ²⁾	*kayïrlïgu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: хӑйӑр (hăjăr, “sand”)

Oghuz:
- West Oghuz:
  - Old Anatolian Turkish:
    - Azerbaijani: qayır, qayraq
    - Ottoman Turkish: قاير (kayır)
      - Turkish: kayır (“sand”)
- East Oghuz:
  - Turkmen: gaýyr (“gravel; sand”)
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (qayır, “salt steppe; sand”)
  - Uzbek: qayir (“gravel”)
Kipchak:
- West Kipchak:
  - Kumyk: къайыр (qayır, “gravel”)
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: қайыр (qayır, “sandbank”)
  - Kazakh: қайыр (qaiyr, “sandbank”)
  - Nogai: къайыр (k”ayır, “sand”)
- East Kipchak:
  - Southern Altai: кайыр (kayïr, “salt marsh”)
Siberian:
- North Siberian:
  - ⇒ Yakut: хайыр таас (qayır taas, “gravel”)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tuvan: хайыр (xayır, “salt steppe”)

References

Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*kạyïr”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Räsänen, Martti (1969), Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, pages 221-222
Clauson, Gerard (1972), “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 678
Levitskaja, L. S.; Dybo, A. V.; Rassadin, V. I. (1997), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 5, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, pages 206, 217
Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 97