Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yudruk

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*yïdruk
*ńudruk (by Clauson)
*yumduruk (by Räsänen)

Reconstruction notes

According to historical chronology, *yumruk seems to have later replaced *yudruk.

The original word likely started with *ń-, however, no descendants preserve this sound, so it is given with an inital *y- here instead.

Etymology

The ultimate origin is unknown.

Related to Proto-Tungusic *nurga (“fist”), and Proto-Mongolic *nidurga (“fist”) through borrowing and not by inheritance. The Tungusic word was borrowed from Mongolic,^[1] itself cognate to the Turkic word^[2], and either borrowed from Turkic^[3], or loaned into Turkic, as several internal etymologies for the Mongolic form have been proposed. As regards *ń-, Doerfer deemed only the comparison of Mongolic *nudurga (“fist”) Turkic *yudruk acceptable and claimed that the Mongolic form might have been dissimilated from *dudurga. In a later study in which the consonants had not undergone any changes during the formation of Proto-Common-Turkic and Proto-Bulgar-Turkic, it is possible and quite likely that Proto-Turkic had the same initials *p-, *ń- and *d₂- as well.

Even though suggested to be a derivation from *yum- (“to close (of eyes)”); Bashkir, Old Uyghur, Karakhanid and other descendants contradict this derivation. According to Nişanyan, the word was contamined by *yum- rather than derived from it.

Noun

*yudruk

fist

Declension

Declension of *yudruk
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*yudruk
accusative	yudrukug, yudruknï¹⁾
genitive	*yudruknuŋ
dative	*yudrukka
locative	*yudrukda
ablative	*yudrukdan
allative	*yudrukgaru
instrumental ²⁾	*yudrukun
equative ²⁾	*yudrukča
similative ²⁾	*yudruklayu
comitative ²⁾	*yudruklugu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Proto-Common Turkic: *yudruk

Arghu:
- Khalaj: zumruq
Proto-Oghuz: *yumruk
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yumruq)
  - Azerbaijani: yumruq
  - Gagauz: yumuruk
  - Ottoman Turkish: یومروق (yumruk)
    - Turkish: yumruk
    - → Bulgarian: юмрук (jumruk)
- Salar: yuğurdaq
- Turkmen: ýumruk
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: يُذْرُقْ (yuδruq)
  - Chagatai: [script needed] (yumruk)
Kipchak: *yumruk, *yudruk
- North Kipchak:
  - Tatar: йомрык (yomrıq), йодрык (yodrıq)
  - Bashkir: йоҙроҡ (yoźroq)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: yumruq, yumrıq
  - Karachay-Balkar: джумдурукъ (cumduruq)
  - Karaim:
  - Kumyk: юмурукъ (yumuruq)
  - Urum: йумрух
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak:
    - Kazakh: жұдырық (jūdyryq), жұмырық (jūmyryq)
    - Nogai: юмырык (yumırık)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: жудурук (juduruk)
    - Southern Altai: јудрук (ǰudruk)
Siberian: *yudruk
- Old Turkic:
  - Old Uyghur: yydrwq (yïdruq)
    - Western Yugur: [script needed] (uzïrïq)
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: сутурук (suturuk), сутурух (suturuq)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan:
    - Tofa: нюдуруӄ (ńuduruq)
    - Tuvan: чудурук (çuduruk)
  - Yeniseian:
    - Khakas: мунзурух (munzurux), нузурух (nuzurux)
    - Shor: [script needed] (nuzruq)

References

^ Sanžejev, G. D.; Orlovskaja, M. N.; Ševernina, Z. V. (2016), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 196
^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “yumruk”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
^ Clauson, Gerard (1962), Turkish and Mongolian studies‎^[1], London: Royal Asiatic Society, page 228

Doerfer, Gerhard (1963–1975). Türkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. Bde. I–IV, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*yudruk”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Clauson, Gerard (1972), “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 892
Sevortjan, E. V.; Levitskaja, L. S. (1989), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, pages 248-249
Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 253
Eren, Hasan (1999), “Proto-Turkic/yudruk”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language]‎^[3] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi

[1] Sanžejev, G. D.; Orlovskaja, M. N.; Ševernina, Z. V. (2016), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 196

[2] Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “yumruk”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

[3] Clauson, Gerard (1962), Turkish and Mongolian studies‎^[1], London: Royal Asiatic Society, page 228

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