Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/frauwjō
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *frawjô (“lord”).
Noun
*frauwjō m
Inflection
| Masculine an-stem | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | ||
| Nominative | *frauwjō | |
| Genitive | *frauwjini, *frauwjan | |
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *frauwjō | *frauwjan |
| Accusative | *frauwjan | *frauwjan |
| Genitive | *frauwjini, *frauwjan | *frauwjanō |
| Dative | *frauwjini, *frauwjan | *frauwjum |
| Instrumental | *frauwjini, *frauwjan | *frauwjum |
Alternative reconstructions
Related terms
Derived terms
Descendants
- Old English: frīġea, (from *frawō) frēa[4][5]
- Old Frisian: (from *frawō) *frā (in placenames)
- Old Saxon: frōio, (from *frawō) frao, frōho, frāho, frō
- Old Dutch: (from *frawō) *frō
- Old High German: frouwo, frōjo, (from *frawō) frō
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 173:
- OE frēa 'lord' < (?) PWGmc *frawō [...] PWGmc *[-awʲwʲ-], which had developed from PGmc. *-awj-, apparently became *[-auj-] at some point in pre-OE. These new *au also underwent the development to ēa: [...] PWGmc *[awʲwʲu] (OHG ouwa, with gemination) > *auju > *ēaju > WS OE īeġ, Angl. ēġ; [...] PWGmc *hawi, *[hawʲwʲ-] (OS hōi, OHG hewi—the inherited nom.-acc. sg.—and houwi, with gemination levelled in from the oblique forms) > *hawi, *hauj- > *hæwi, *hēaj- >→ WS OE hīeġ; [...] PWGmc *strawʲwʲan (OHG gistrouwen 'to bestrew') > *straujan > *strēajan > Angl. OE strēġan 'to strew'.
- ^ Fulk, R.D. (1992), A History of Old English Meter, page 112:
- There could be no loss of j in *frau(w)jan-, as illustrated by forms like Anglian strēgan (Gothic straujan) and WS cīegan < *kau(w)jan. Rather, the correct cognate of Gothic frauja is OE frīgea, and frēa is to be derived from a simple an-stem *frawan-, as the standard handbooks have it. The point is demonstrated, for example, by the co-occurrence of Old Saxon frō(ho) or fraho with frōio.
- ^ Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), “frauja”, in A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the 3rd ed. of Feist’s dictionary, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 126:
- Gmc ja-stem also in OI freyr stm lord, Freyr [name of a god], freyja stf lady, Freyja [name of a goddess], OS frōio stm lord, OHG frouwa stf mistress, lady. Otherwise PGmc frau̯an- in OE frēa, OS frōho, frāho, OHG frō wkm lord; PGmc frōwōn, OS frūa, MLG frūwe, MHG vrouwe wkf lady.
- ^ Campbell, A[listair] (1959), Old English Grammar[1], London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, § 619, page 250: “frīġea lord < *fraui̯ô (Goth frauja)”.
- ^ Campbell, A[listair] (1959), Old English Grammar[2], London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, § 120, page 46: “frēa lord, from inflected forms with *frau̯un-”.
Further reading
- Agee, Joshua (2018), “A Glottometric Subgrouping of the Early Germanic Languages (MA thesis)”, in Department of Linguistics and Language Development, San Jose State University, , page 109: “PGmc *frawjǫ̂ ‘lady’ > PWGmc *frawwǫ̂ > *frauwǫ̂ > OHG frouwa”