Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/xʷag

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *oksi, *otsi, *xoksi, *xotsi (per Werner 2002)
  • *ʔɔksi, *xɔksi (singular), *aʔq, *xaʔq (plural, per Starostin 1994-2005)[1]
  • *Hoksʌ, *oksʌ (singular), *Haˀq, *aˀq (plural, per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *kʷog (per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)
  • *Hoq (per Cologne group 2024. Pattern: ?-q.1)

Reconstruction notes

Most descendants in the singular number feature the singulative marker *-ç, while the plural number forms preserve the bare root as a collective noun. The plural form shifted semantically to mean 'forest', which is also featured below.

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Athabaskan *tšʳədžʳ (“dry wood, firewood”)[2]; Navajo chizh (“firewood”); and Eyak kug (“dry wood”).

Noun

*xʷag (plural *xʷag or *xʷag-Vŋ)

  1. (botany) tree
    Synonym: *ken
  2. (carpentry) wood, timber

Derived terms

  • *xʷagja (“tree log”)
  • *-xʷagtʳeg (“to erect something into the ground”, literally “wood-insert”)
  • *-xʷagtɬijt (“to carve, to plane”, literally “wood-rub”)
  • *-xʷagɟeg (“to prick”, literally “wood-chop”)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: okše (Mes.; Eed-Šeš dialect)
    • Imbak Ket: ókse (M., W., Kl., VW.), oksa (Kl.), oks' (Ad.)
      • ⇒ Ket: өксь m (ōksʲ, “tree; stick, twig”)
      • ⇒ Ket: өксь n (ōksʲ, “wood, firewood; splinter”)
    • Ostyak Yug: óksa (M.)
      • ⇒ Yug: өксы (óksɨ), окса m (óksa, “tree”)
      • ⇒ Yug: өксы n (óksɨ, “wood, firewood”)
    • Imbak Ket: aːk, ak (M., W.)
      • Ket: аʼӄ (aˀq, “trees, woods”) (plural, collective; preserves the original root)
    • Yug: аʼх (aˀχ, “trees, woods”) (plural, collective; preserves the original root)
  • Kottic:
    • ⇒ Assan: ač (Kl.), áči (“tree”) (M., W., VW.)
    • ⇒ Kott: atči, atče (C.), áči (M., W., VW.), ačši (“tree”) (Kl.)
      • ⇒ Kott: ačigan (“tree root”) (M., W.)
    • Kott: âx, ag (C.), ak (“trees, woods”, plural, collective) (C., H.)
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: oo (“firewood”) (H.)
    • ⇒ Arin: otši (H.), otšil (H., Kl.), ošče, óšče (“tree”) (M., W., Kl., VW.)
  • Proto-Yeniseian: *xʷag-Vŋ (“forest”, literally “wood-plural”)
    • Kottic:
      • Kott: âgan (C.)
    • Pumpokolic:
      • Pumpokol: hochon (M.), hóxon (W., Kl., VW.)
        • ⇒ Pumpokol: xógon-dɨ́pun (“foliage, leaves”) (W.)
  • ⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *xʷag-tejɬ (“saddle”, literally “wood-flooring”)[3]
    • Kottic:
      • Kott: âgatal (C.), atakal (H.)
    • Arinic:
      • Arin: oxor (H.)

See also

  • Proto-Yeniseian entry guidelines § Bibliography

References

  1. ^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=759&root=config
  2. ^ Leer, Jeff (1996), Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon‎[1], volume tš(ʳ)a-tš(ʳ)ə, Alaska Native Language Archive, page 69
  3. ^ Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*aqatʌλ”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 67

Further reading

  • Fries, Simon; Bonmann, Svenja (2023), “The development of Arin kul 'water', Kott ûl, Ket ¹uˑl' Yugh ¹ur and its typological background”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics, volume 5, number 2, page 195 of 183-198
  • Hill, Eugen; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Svenja, Bonmann (2024), “'wood'a”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[2], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 248 of 216-293
  • Hill, Eugen; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Svenja, Bonmann (2024), “Coda-q.1 (Table 21)”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[3], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 279 of 216-293
  • Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), “89.) ~*kʷog”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 369
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*Hoksʌ > *oksʌ (?)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 321
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*oksʌ < *Hoksʌ (?)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 513
  • Vajda, Edward (2024), “*xʷag”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[5], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 420
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), “(1) oˑks'”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 50
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005), “forest, tree, wood”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, pages 297, 330, 334
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