Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/xusa

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *kuˀətʲə (per Werner 2002)
  • *Huˀʌtʲʌ, *uˁsʌ (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *xuše (per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)
  • *u̯uʧ, *u̯uc (per Cologne group 2024 & 2025. Pattern: ?-s.1)

Etymology

Borrowed from Proto-Uralic *kuće (“birch tree”), which displaced the native term for 'birch tree', *qiwχ, semantically to 'birch bark'. Bonnman-Fries (2025) instead suggests the reverse, that Old Arin, hypothesized to have been spoken around the time of Xiōngnú Confederacy, loaned this word into Proto-Uralic.

Noun

*xusa (plural *xusa-ŋ)

  1. (botany) birch tree
    Coordinate term: *qiwχ (“birch bark”)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: úuse (M., W.), uus'a (Kl.)
      • Ket: усь (ùsʲ) (Southern and Northern dialects), уушъ (ùːšʌ) (Central dialects)
    • Ostyak Yug: úus'a (M.)
      • Yug: ууʼс (ùːˁs)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: úča (M., W., Kl.), ɨča (Kl.)
    • Kott: uča (H.), úča (M., W., Kl.), ûča, ûči (C.)
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: kus (H., M., W., Kl.)
    • → Proto-Mongolic: *kus (“birch tree”)[1]
  • Pumpokolic:
    • Pumpokol: úta (M., W.)

References

  1. ^ Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon (2025), “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎[1], volume 0, →DOI, page 10 of 1-24

Further reading

  • Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon (2025), “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎[2], volume 0, →DOI, page 6 of 1-24
  • Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Hill, Eugen (2023), “'birch'”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[3], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 41 of 39-82
  • Hill, Eugen; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Svenja, Bonmann (2024), “Coda-s.1 (Table 21)”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[4], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 279 of 216-293
  • Fortescue, Michael; Vajda, Edward (2022), “105.) ~*qiwx”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 377
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*Huˀʌtʲʌ”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 322
  • Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*uħsʌ (1)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 1029
  • Vajda, Edward (2024), “*xusa”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[6], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 404
  • Vajda, Edward (2024), The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[7], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 411
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), “⁴us' (II)”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 358
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005), “birch”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 284
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