capitaneus

Latin

From caput (“head”) +‎ -āneus.
Later absorbed and merged with similar catepanus, capetanus, and other Vulgar Latin renderings of katepano, the senior rank and title of Byzantine military captains of the Catepanate of Italy, from Byzantine Greek κατεπάνω (katepánō, literally “[the one] placed at the top, or the topmost”)

capitāneus (feminine capitānea, neuter capitāneum); first/second-declension adjective

First/second-declension adjective.

	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
	singular			plural
nominative	capitāneus	capitānea	capitāneum	capitāneī	capitāneae	capitānea
genitive	capitāneī	capitāneae	capitāneī	capitāneōrum	capitāneārum	capitāneōrum
dative	capitāneō	capitāneae	capitāneō	capitāneīs
accusative	capitāneum	capitāneam	capitāneum	capitāneōs	capitāneās	capitānea
ablative	capitāneō	capitāneā	capitāneō	capitāneīs
vocative	capitānee	capitānea	capitāneum	capitāneī	capitāneae	capitānea

Italo-Dalmatian:
- Italian: capitano, capitan
  - → Aromanian: cãpitan
  - → English: capitano
  - → Romanian: căpitan
- Sicilian: capitanu
- Venetan: capetanio, capitan
  - → Greek: καπετάνιος (kapetánios)
  - → Ottoman Turkish: كاپتان
    - Turkish: kaptan
    - → Laz: კაპტანი (ǩap̌ťani)
Ligurian: capitan
- → Old Galician-Portuguese: capitan, capitam
  - Galician: capitán
  - Portuguese: capitão, capitam, capitaõ (obsolete)
    - → Gujarati: કપ્તાન (kaptān)
    - → Japanese: カピタン (kapitan)
    - → Malay: kapitan
      - Indonesian: kapitan
      - → Hokkien: 甲必丹 (Kap-pit-tan)^[1]
Old French: chevetaine, cheftain, chevetaigne, chevetain
- → Middle English: cheveteyn
  - English: chieftain
  - Scots: chieftain
- French: cheftaine, cheftain

Via capitānea f:

Borrowings:

→ Old French: capitaine
- Middle French: capitaine
  - French: capitaine
    - → Walloon: captinne
- Norman: cap'taine, cap'tainne
- → Irish: captaen
- → Middle Dutch: capitein
  - Dutch: kapitein (see there for further descendants)
- → Middle English: capitain
  - English: captain (see there for further descendants)
  - Scots: caiptain
- → Middle High German: kapitān
  - German: Kapitän
  - → Old Czech: kapitán
    - Czech: kapitán
- → Middle Low German: kaptein
  - Plautdietsch: Kapitän
  - → Danish: kaptajn
  - → Estonian: kapten
  - → Norwegian: kaptein
  - → Swedish: kapten
    - → Finnish: kapteeni
→ Old Catalan: capitani
- → Catalan: capità
→ Old Occitan: capitani
- → Occitan: capitani
→ Polish: kapitan
- → Russian: капита́н (kapitán), капита́нъ (kapitán) — pre-reform orthography (1918)
  - → Armenian: կապիտան (kapitan)
  - → Azerbaijani: kapitan
  - → Kazakh: капитан (kapitan)
  - → Ukrainian: капітан (kapitan)
  - → Yakut: капитан (kapitan)
→ Spanish: capitán
- → English: capitan
- → Tagalog: kapitan
- → Ye'kwana: kajichaana
- → English: capitan

Unsorted borrowings:

capitāneus m (genitive capitāneī, feminine capitānea); second declension

Second-declension noun.

“capitaneus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
"capitaneus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
“capitaneus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

^ Salmon Claudine. Malay (and Javanese) Loan-words in Chinese as a Mirror of Cultural Exchanges. In: Archipel, volume 78, 2009. pp. 181-208