coniveo

• connīveō

Disputed. According to De Vaan, from earlier Proto-Italic *kom-kneiɣʷēō, from *kom- +‎ *kneiɣʷēō, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kneygʷʰ- (“to bend, to droop”).

Rix suggests that the term derives from a Proto-Indo-European causative formed from *kneygʷʰ- +‎ *-éyeti. According to Sihler, the possible Proto-Italic causative form *kom-knoyɣwejō may have underwent a phonological development from *kom-knoyɣwejō to *kongneyw- before culminating in connīveō. Sihler suggests that connīveō is the earlier form and that cōn- originates from connīveō via a possible Latin sound change in which long nasal consonants were shortened when placed after a short vowel followed by compensatory lengthening of the prior short vowel. Sihler suggests that this same sound shift may have occurred in Latin āmentum, perhaps from ammentum.

However, a causative form *knoyʷʰéyeti would produce a Proto-Italic term beginning with *knoi-, and De Vaan suggests that the long vowel ī in -nīveō suggests a Proto-Italic diphthong *-ei-. Instead, De Vaan suggests that the term could derive from a Proto-Indo-European stative. According to De Vaan, the term shows a more specific phonetic development of *komkn-, to *koŋɣn-, to *koɣn-, before culminating in cōn-.

De Vaan considers it possible that the term, and its Germanic cognates, actually derive from a substrate language due to unusual root structure and the limited distribution of Indo-European cognates.

Cognate with nicō, nictō, nītor (“to bear or rest upon something”), and with Proto-Germanic *hnīwaną.

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [koːˈniː.we.oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [koˈniː.ve.o]

cōnīveō (present infinitive cōnīvēre, perfect active cōnīxī or cōnīvī); second conjugation, no passive, no supine stem

1. to close or screw up the eyes, blink, wink
2. to overlook, connive or turn a blind eye

• The perfect form cōnīxī is older than the form cōnīvī.

• cōnīvēns
• cōnīventia

• English: connive
• French: conniver

• “coniveo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “coniveo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “coniveo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 163, 209
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cōnīveō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130
• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 366
• Michiel de Vaan (1999), “The PIE root structure *Te(R)D h_1 )”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics‎^[1], volume 112, number 1, →ISSN, page 12