gefremman
Old English
Etymology
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jeˈfrem.mɑn/
Verb
ġefremman
- to promote, perfect, commit, perform
- c. 1021, Wulfstan, Winchester Code of Cnut, article 5.1:
- Hǣðensċipe biþ þæt man dēofolġield weorðiġe, þæt is þæt man weorðiġe hǣðenu godu and sunnan oþþe mōnan, fȳr oþþe flōd, wæterwiellas oþþe stānas oþþe ǣniġes cynnes wudutreowu, oþþe wiċċecræft lufiġe oþþe morðweorc ġefremme on ǣniġe wīsan, oþþe on blōte oþþe frihte, oþþe swelcra gedwimera ǣniġ þing drēoge.
- Worshiping idols is a kind of paganism, whether one worships heathen gods and the sun or the moon, or fire or flood, or wells or stones or any kind of forest trees, or if one loves witchcraft or commits murder in any way, either by sacrifice or by divination, or takes any part in similar delusions.
- Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
- Nū is ūs ālȳfed, þurh lārēowa ealdordōm, þæt wē dæġhwomlice, on þyssere lenctenlīċan tīde, ūre līchaman ġerēordiġan mid forhæfednysse, and sȳfernysse, and clǣnnysse. Stuntlīċe fæst sē lenctenlīċ fæsten seðe on ðisum clǣnum tīman hine sylfne mid gālnysse befȳld. Unrihtlīċ bið þæt sē crīstena mann flǣsċlīċe lustas ġefremme on ðām tīman þe hē flæsċmettas forgān sċeal.
- Now it is permitted to us, through the authority of teachers, that we feed our bodies with restraint, moderation, and modesty every day of this Lenten tide. He who performs the Lenten fast while defiling himself with lust does so foolishly. It is wicked for a Christian to indulge in carnal lusts during the time he should forgo meats.
Conjugation
Conjugation of ġefremman (weak, class 1)
| infinitive | ġefremman | ġefremmenne |
|---|---|---|
| indicative mood | present tense | past tense |
| first person singular | ġefremme | ġefremede |
| second person singular | ġefremest | ġefremedest |
| third person singular | ġefremeþ | ġefremede |
| plural | ġefremmaþ | ġefremedon |
| subjunctive | present tense | past tense |
| singular | ġefremme | ġefremede |
| plural | ġefremmen | ġefremeden |
| imperative | ||
| singular | ġefreme | |
| plural | ġefremmaþ | |
| participle | present | past |
| ġefremmende | ġefremed | |
Derived terms
References
- Joseph Bosworth; T. Northcote Toller (1898), “gefremman”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary[1], second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.