smeagan
Old English
FWOTD – 28 December 2018
Alternative forms
Etymology
From pre-Old English *smauhōjan,[1][2] an extended form of *smauhōn.[3] The verb was contracted after loss of intervocalic -h- (compare twēoġan, sċōġan). Equivalent to smēag (“penetrating, acute, subtle, effective, clever”) + -ian. Ultimately from the root of Proto-Germanic *smeuganą (“to creep, slip through”). Akin to Old English smūgan (“to creep, progress gradually or deliberately”), Old Norse smjúga (“to creep”) (> Danish smyge), Old English smyġel (“a burrow, place to creep into”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈsmæ͜ɑː.jɑn/
Verb
smēaġan[4]
- consider, think about
- c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
- Smēaġað nu hú Drihten mancynne ætbræd wuldor, þæt hé him wuldor forgeafe.
- Consider now how the Lord took glory away from mankind, that he might give them glory.
- c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
- meditate
- examine, scrutinize, question
- Lindisfarne Gospels, Mark 8:11:
- And þa ferdon ða pharisei ⁊ ongunnon mid him smeagean ⁊ tacen of heofone sohton ⁊ his fandedon;
- And the Pharisees came forth, and began to question with him, seeking of him a sign from heaven, tempting him. (KJV)
- Lindisfarne Gospels, Mark 9:16:
- Þa ahsode he hi, hwæt smeage ge betwux eow;
- And he asked them, What question ye among yourselves?
- Lindisfarne Gospels, Mark 8:11:
Conjugation
Conjugation of smēaġan (weak, class 2)
| infinitive | smēaġan | smēaġenne |
|---|---|---|
| indicative mood | present tense | past tense |
| first person singular | smēaġe | smēade, smēaġde |
| second person singular | smēast, smēaġest, smēaġst | smēadest, smēaġdest |
| third person singular | smēaþ, smēaġeþ, smēaġþ | smēade, smēaġde |
| plural | smēaġaþ | smēadon, smēaġdon |
| subjunctive | present tense | past tense |
| singular | smēaġe | smēade, smēaġde |
| plural | smēaġen | smēaden, smēaġden |
| imperative | ||
| singular | smēa, smēaġ | |
| plural | smēaġaþ | |
| participle | present | past |
| smēaġende | (ġe)smēad | |
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 360: “pre-OE *smauhōjan”
- ^ Hogg, Richard M.; Fulk, R. D. (2011), A Grammar of Old English: Volume 2: Morphology, page 285: “Thus, inf. smēaġan 'consider' reflects NSGmc *smauxō-jan, whilst pres.ind.3sg. smēaþ reflects *smauxō-þ.”
- ^ Campbell, Alistair (1959), Old English grammar, Oxford University Press, page 335: “The stems from which these were conjugated in Gmc. were *smauχōi̯-, *smauχō-”
- ^ Hogg, Richard; Fulk, R. D. (2011), A Grammar of Old English, volume 2: Morphology, Oxford: Blackwell, →ISBN, page 285:
- Thus, there were two stems within the OE paradigm, smēaġ- and smēa- [...] and in all dialects but Kt and the dialect of PsGl(A), the latter stem could be substituted for the former, leading to innovations like Bo 41.146.21 smēan pres.subj.pl., Li smēas pres.ind.pl., smēande pres.part. Only in Li smēaġe, Ru2 smēoġe imper.sg. do we see replacement of the latter stem by the former, if these are not in fact infinitives.