Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/saljaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

A causative formation from Proto-Indo-European *selh₁- (“to take”), either inherited from Proto-Indo-European *solh₁-éye-ti (“to let take”, causative)^[1] or derived within Proto-Germanic from an unattested *selaną (“to take”) + *-janą (causative suffix).^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsɑl.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*saljaną

to offer, give
to sell

Inflection

Conjugation of *saljaną (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*saljō	*saljaų	—	*saljai	?
2nd singular	*salisi	*saljais	*sali	*saljasai	*saljaisau
3rd singular	*saliþi	*saljai	*saljaþau	*saljaþai	*saljaiþau
1st dual	*saljōs	*saljaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*saljaþiz	*saljaiþiz	*saljaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*saljamaz	*saljaim	—	*saljanþai	*saljainþau
2nd plural	*saliþ	*saljaiþ	*saliþ	*saljanþai	*saljainþau
3rd plural	*saljanþi	*saljain	*saljanþau	*saljanþai	*saljainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*salidǭ	*salidēdį̄
2nd singular	*salidēz	*salidēdīz
3rd singular	*salidē	*salidēdī
1st dual	*salidēdū	*salidēdīw
2nd dual	*salidēdudiz	*salidēdīdiz
1st plural	*salidēdum	*salidēdīm
2nd plural	*salidēdud	*salidēdīd
3rd plural	*salidēdun	*salidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*saljandz	*salidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *salljan (“to hand over, sell”)
- Old English: sellan, siellan, syllan
  - Middle English: sellen
    - English: sell
      - → Dutch: sellen
    - Scots: sell
- Old Frisian: sella
  - North Frisian: selle
- Old Saxon: sellian (“to offer, give”)
  - Middle Low German: sellen
    - Low German: sellen
      - → German: sellen (Missingsch, archaic)^[3]
- Old Dutch: *sellen
  - Middle Dutch: sellen
- Old High German: sellen (“to hand over, betray”)
  - Middle High German: sellen
Old Norse: selja (“to hand over, sell”)
- Icelandic: selja
- Faroese: selja (“to sell, let go of”)
- Norwegian Bokmål: selge
- Norwegian Nynorsk: selja, selje
  - Russenorsk: sælom
- Old Swedish: sælia
  - Swedish: sälja
- Old Danish: sæliæ, sælæ
  - Danish: sælge
- Elfdalian: sela
- Gutnish: säle
Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (saljan, “to pay tribute, offer”)
→ Proto-Finnic: *sallidak (“to allow”) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*saljan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 424-5
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*saljanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 316
^ “sellen” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*saljan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 424-5

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003), “*saljanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 316

[3] “sellen” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.

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[2]

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