Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁én

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Adverb

    *h₁én[1][2][3]

    1. in

    Alternative reconstructions

    Reconstruction notes

    Traditionally reconstructed with leading *h₁, but several Greek and Sanskrit compounds, if the analysis is correct, rule this out, for example Ancient Greek ἀκαρός (akarós), a variant of ἔγκαρος (énkaros, “brain”),[5] or Sanskrit हेमन् (héman, “in winter”) < *ǵʰeym én.[8][9]

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₁én
    • *h₁en-dró-s (“egg, scrotum”)[10][11]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • >? Proto-Slavic: *ędro (“kernel”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāndrás (unexpected -ā-?)
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāṇḍrás[12]
        • Proto-Nuristani: (per Morgenstierne, who reconstructs *ãŕa-)[13]
          • Northern Nuristani:
            • Kamkata-viri:
              Kamviri: aṣó
            • Prasuni: vežegé
          • Southern Nuristani:
            • Ashkun: žáu
            • Waigali: vřav
    • *h₁én-i (< *h₁én + *-i (locative suffix))
      • Proto-Germanic: *eni[14] (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Celtic: *eni
        • Celtiberian: eni
        • ⇒ Gaulish: Eni-gnus (male given name)
        • ⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐ (ini-gena, “daughter”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *eni
    • *h₁éni-h₃kʷ-o- (< *h₁éni + *h₃ekʷ- (“eye”))[16][5][17][18]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HániHkas
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HániHkas
        • Proto-Iranian: *HániHkah
          • Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬐𐬀 (ainika)
          • Northern Kurdish: enî
      • Proto-Celtic: *enikʷos[19][20]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *enīkʷos[21]
    • *h₁en-h₃ōkʷ-m̥ (literally “in the eye”) (< *h₁en + *h₃ōkʷ-)[22][5]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *enōkʷa
        • Ancient Greek: ἐνῶπα (enôpa, “against”)
        • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἐνωπή (enōpḗ, “face”)[23][24]
    • *h₁en-tós (“(from) inside”)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *entós
      • Proto-Italic: *entos[17]
        • Latin: intus (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Venetic: 𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌏𐌋 (entol, “inside”) (< *entos + l-)
    • *h₁en-tr-o-m[27]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *intró (“liver”)
        • Old Prussian: instran (“fat”)
        • Proto-Slavic: *ę̄trò (“liver”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántram
        • Proto-Iranian: *Hantara-
          • Persian: اندر (andar, “inside”, preposition)
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántram
          • Sanskrit: अन्त्र (ántra-, “intestine”) (see there for further descendants)
    • (perhaps) *h₁nér (“under (the surface)”) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? *h₁n̥-ḱr̥h₂-ó-s[28][29] (or *n̥-ḱr̥h₂-o-s[9][5])
      • Ancient Greek: ἔγκαρος (énkaros), ἴγκρος (ínkros), ἀκαρός (akarós, “brain”)
    • *h₁n̥-dʰwéh₂-ōs (“having smoke inside”) (< *h₁n̥ + *dʰweh₂- (“smoke”) + *-ōs (result noun suffix))
    • *h₁on-tr-ó-m[30]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *antra
        • Proto-Slavic: *ǭtrò (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Slavic: *ǫtrь
          • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vъnǫtrь (“inside, within”) (*vъn- (“in”) + *ǫtrь) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāntrám (with unexplained *ā)

    Descendants

    • Old Albanian: ën-
      • Albanian: n-
      • Albanian: m- (before labials)
    • Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: ի (i) / յ- (y-)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *in (< zero-grade *h₁n̥)[32]
      • Old Prussian: ēn
      • Latvian: iekša (< *en-styā-s)
      • Lithuanian: į, in (dialectal)
      • Proto-Slavic: *vъ(n) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *en (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *en[15]
      • Ancient Greek: ἐν (en)
        Arcadocypriot Greek: ἰν (in)
    • Proto-Italic: *en (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian A: -an
      • Tocharian B: -ne
    • Proto-Tocharian: *e(n)- (“intensifier”)[33]

    References

    1. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 59: “*h₁en-”
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h₁en(i)”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 290
    3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 247: “*h₁en”
    4. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 71: “PIE *en”
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 221-236
    6. ^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2067
    7. ^ Hackstein, Olav (2023), “When words coalesce II: Preverb incorporation in Indo-European”, in Indo-European Linguistics‎[2], volume 11, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 14
    8. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 165
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nussbaum, Alan J. (1986), Head and Horn in Indo-European (Untersuchungen zur indogermanischen Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft. NF / Studies in Indo-European Language and Culture. New Series; 2), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →DOI, →ISBN, page 189
    10. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “h₁endrós”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 507-508
    11. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ę̄drò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 157
    12. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “*āṇḍá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[3] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 162
    13. ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “āṇḍá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
    14. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 84
    15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἔν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 419
    16. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “*ek”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 78: “*h₁en-h₃kʷ-o-”
    17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “in”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 300
    18. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*enekʷo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 115
    19. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 261
    20. ^ Ziegler, Sabine (1994), Alfred Bammesberger and Günter Neumann, editors, Die Sprache der altirischen Ogam-Inschriften [The language of the Old Irish Ogham inscriptions] (Historische Sprachforschung; Ergänzungsheft 36) (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 103
    21. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἐνῑπή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    22. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*h₃ekʷ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 370
    23. ^ Frisk, Hjalmar (1960), “ἐνῶπα”, in Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, pages 526-27
    24. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἐνῶπα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    25. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “εἰς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    26. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἐντός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    27. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ę̄trò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 158
    28. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἀκαρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 49-50
    29. ^ Václav Blažek (2019), “Agamemnon”, in Georgios K. Giannakis, Christoforos Charalambakis, Franco Montanari and Antonios Rengakos, editors, Studies in Greek Lexicography (Trends in Classics – Supplementary Volumes; 72), De Gruyter, →DOI, →ISBN, §3.1.1, page 123: “ἄκαρος ‘brain’ [Etymologicum Magnum 45.13] <*H₁n̥-k̂r̥H₂o- vs. ἔγκαρος ‘brain’ [Lycophron {320–280 BCE}, Alexandra 1104; Alcaeus Messenius {197 BCE}] <*H₁en-k̂r̥H₂o-”
    30. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
    31. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[5] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 166-67
    32. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196–197
    33. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “e(n)-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 87-88: “PIE *h₁en”

    Further reading

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