Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/somHós
Proto-Indo-European
Alternative reconstructions
Etymology
From *sem- (“together, one”). The origin of the laryngeal after the root is unclear: it may be *h₁ as in *sém-h₁ (“couple”), a fossilized dual from the root noun *sḗm, or it may be the same *h₂ as in Ancient Greek ὁμαλός (homalós) and Proto-Celtic *samalis; compare *semh₂- (“summer”), sometimes thought to be related.
Alternatively, Dunkel doesn't reconstruct a laryngeal and explains the absence of lengthening in Indo-Iranian (see Brugmann's law) as influenced by *sam- (“together”).
Adjective
*somHós (non-ablauting)[3][4][5][6]
Inflection
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *somh₁ós | *somh₁éh₂ | |
| genitive | *somh₁ósyo | *somh₁éh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *somh₁ós | *somh₁óh₁ | *somh₁óes |
| vocative | *somh₁é | *somh₁óh₁ | *somh₁óes |
| accusative | *somh₁óm | *somh₁óh₁ | *somh₁óms |
| genitive | *somh₁ósyo | *? | *somh₁óHom |
| ablative | *somh₁éad | *? | *somh₁ómos, *somh₁óbʰos |
| dative | *somh₁óey | *? | *somh₁ómos, *somh₁óbʰos |
| locative | *somh₁éy, *somh₁óy | *? | *somh₁óysu |
| instrumental | *somh₁óh₁ | *? | *somh₁ṓys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *somh₁éh₂ | *somh₁éh₂h₁(e) | *somh₁éh₂es |
| vocative | *somh₁éh₂ | *somh₁éh₂h₁(e) | *somh₁éh₂es |
| accusative | *somh₁ā́m | *somh₁éh₂h₁(e) | *somh₁éh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *somh₁éh₂s | *? | *somh₁éh₂oHom |
| ablative | *somh₁éh₂s | *? | *somh₁éh₂mos, *somh₁éh₂bʰos |
| dative | *somh₁éh₂ey | *? | *somh₁éh₂mos, *somh₁éh₂bʰos |
| locative | *somh₁éh₂, *somh₁éh₂i | *? | *somh₁éh₂su |
| instrumental | *somh₁éh₂h₁ | *? | *somh₁éh₂mis, *somh₁éh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *somh₁óm | *somh₁óy(h₁) | *somh₁éh₂ |
| vocative | *somh₁óm | *somh₁óy(h₁) | *somh₁éh₂ |
| accusative | *somh₁óm | *somh₁óy(h₁) | *somh₁éh₂ |
| genitive | *somh₁ósyo | *? | *somh₁óHom |
| ablative | *somh₁éad | *? | *somh₁ómos, *somh₁óbʰos |
| dative | *somh₁óey | *? | *somh₁ómos, *somh₁óbʰos |
| locative | *somh₁éy, *somh₁óy | *? | *somh₁óysu |
| instrumental | *somh₁óh₁ | *? | *somh₁ṓys |
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *-(i)sama
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sāmas (with lengthening)
- Proto-Slavic: *samъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *somos
- Proto-Germanic: *samaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *homós
- Ancient Greek: ὁμός (homós) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *samHás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: sоmа-
- Tocharian B: sоmо-
References
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὁμός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1079
- ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 723-725
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 72, 166
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 406
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “samá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 435-436
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sama(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 425