Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/toy

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Pronoun

*toy^[1]^[2]^[3]

enclitic genitive/dative of *tú(h₂) (“you (sg.), thou”)

Alternative reconstructions

*tey^[4]
*tey ~ *toy^[5]

Descendants

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: -ti
- Proto-Slavic: *ti (assuming *-oy results in *-i in clitic forms^[6]) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: τοι (toi)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tay
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: ते (te)
- Proto-Iranian: *tay
  - Avestan:
    Old Avestan: 𐬙𐬋𐬌 (tōi)
    
    Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬉 (tē)
  - Old Persian: [Term?] (/⁠-taiy⁠/)
Proto-Italic:
- Old Latin: tīs (gen.)

References

^ Kapović, Mate, editor (2017), The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 82
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 233
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 808-9
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 372
^ Mate Kapović (2006), “Reconstruction of Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns with Emphasis on Accentuation”, PhD dissertation, University of Zadar, page 157

[1] Kapović, Mate, editor (2017), The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 82

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 233

[3] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57

[4] Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 808-9

[5] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 372

[6] Mate Kapović (2006), “Reconstruction of Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns with Emphasis on Accentuation”, PhD dissertation, University of Zadar, page 157

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