Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wert-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*wert- (imperfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

(intransitive) to turn, to rotate

Reconstruction notes

The reconstruction of an athematic root present *wért-ti ~ *wr̥t-énti^[4] is based on misinterpreting Sanskrit passive aorist वर्ति (varti) as a present verb वर्त्ति (vartti)^[5] (written identically in many manuscripts).^[6]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wert- (51 c, 0 e)

*wért-t ~ *wr̥t-ént (athematic root aorist)^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अवर्त् (ávart)
*wért-e-tor (thematic middle)^[3]
- Proto-Germanic: *werþaną (“to happen, to become”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártatay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártatay
    - Sanskrit: वर्तते (vártate, “to turn”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *wertō (active verb with transitive meaning, vs. intransitive *wertōr)
  - Latin: vertō (see there for further descendants)
*wert-ye-ti (ye-present)^[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: versti
- >? Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔρρω (érrhō)
*wr̥t-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtḗˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *vьrtě̀ti (“to turn”) (see there for further descendants)
*we-wórt-e ~ *we-wr̥t-ḗr (stative)
*wort-éye-ti (causative)
*wr̥t-ís
- Proto-Germanic: *wurdiz (“fate”) (see there for further descendants)
*wert-en-om
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: वर्तन (vártana)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wertena
  - Proto-Slavic: *verteno (see there for further descendants)
*wért-mn̥
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *werˀtmin
  - Proto-Slavic: *vermę (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártma
    - Sanskrit: वर्त्मन् (vártman) (see there for further descendants)
*wr̥t-tós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: वृत्त (vṛttá)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirstā́ˀ (from feminine *wr̥t-téh₂)
  - Proto-Slavic: *vьrsta (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *worssos
  - Latin: versus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *writja^[8]
- Albanian: rris
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Iranian:
  - Middle Persian: [script needed] (wrd-)
    - Persian: گرد (gerd)
    - Tajik: гирд (gird)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- (Baltic:)
  - Latvian: virst
  - Lithuanian: vir̃sti
  - Old Prussian: wirst
- Proto-Slavic: *vorta (“gate”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *werþaz, *wardaz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *wertos
- Proto-Brythonic: *gwerθ (possibly Germanic borrowing) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wart-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: वृत् (vṛt)
- Proto-Iranian: *wart-^[9]

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 691-692
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 34, 157
^ Narten, Johanna (1964), Die sigmatischen Aoriste im Veda (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 248
^ William Dwight Whitney (1889), Sanskrit Grammar‎^[3], § 228c, page 79
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἔρρω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 464
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “rris”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 423-5

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[LIV-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 691-692

[4] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 34, 157

[5] Narten, Johanna (1964), Die sigmatischen Aoriste im Veda (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 248

[6] William Dwight Whitney (1889), Sanskrit Grammar‎^[3], § 228c, page 79

[7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἔρρω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 464

[8] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “rris”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 387

[9] Cheung, Johnny (2007), Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 423-5

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