Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvarogъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Probably related to *tvoriti, Old Church Slavonic творъ (tvorŭ, “form”), Russian утво́р (utvór, “leaven, ferment”), Czech tvořidlo (“container for cheesemaking”). Morphologically *tvar- +‎ *-ogъ. For meaning compare French fromage, Italian formaggio.

Unlikely to be from a Turkic language (compare Chagatai [script needed] (turak, “cheese”)).^[1]

Noun

*tvarogъ m

quark (soft creamy cheese)

Inflection

Declension of *tvarogъ (hard o-stem)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tvarogъ	*tvaroga	*tvarodzi
genitive	*tvaroga	*tvarogu	*tvarogъ
dative	*tvarogu	*tvarogoma	*tvarogomъ
accusative	*tvarogъ	*tvaroga	*tvarogy
instrumental	tvarogъmь, tvarogomь^*	*tvarogoma	*tvarogy
locative	*tvarodzě	*tvarogu	*tvarodzěxъ
vocative	*tvarože	*tvaroga	*tvarodzi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Belarusian: тваро́г (tvaróh); тво́раг (tvórah), тво́рах (tvórax), творо́г (tvoróh), творі́х (tvoríx), твору́г (tvorúh) (dialectal)
  - ⇒ Belarusian: атваро́г (atvaróh), отворо́г (otvoróh) (dialectal)
- Russian: творо́г (tvoróg), тваро́г (tvaróg), тво́рог (tvórog)
- Carpathian Rusyn: тварі́г (tvaríh)
- Ukrainian: тва́рог (tvároh),^[2] творі́г (tvoríh), творо́г (tvoróh), твору́г (tvorúh) (dialectal)
  - ⇒ Ukrainian: отворо́г (otvoróh) (dialectal)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: тварогъ (tvarogŭ)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⱅⰲⰰⱃⱁⰳⱏ (tvarogŭ)
  - Bulgarian: тваро́г (tvaróg) (obsolete)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: tvaroh
  - Czech: tvaroh
- Old Polish: twaróg
  - Polish: twaróg
  - Silesian: twŏrōg, tworōg (simplified)
- Slovak: tvaroh
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: twôróg
  - Slovincian: tworóg
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: twaroh
  - Upper Sorbian: twarog
- → Middle High German: twarc
  - → German: Quark
    - → Danish: kvark
    - → Dutch: kwark
    - → English: quark
    - → Japanese: クワルク (kuwaruku)
    - → Kashubian: kwark
    - → Korean: 크바르크 (keubareukeu)
    - → Swedish: kvarg
  - → German: Quargel
    - → Serbo-Croatian: kvargl, кваргл
- → German Low German: Dwarg
  - → Plautdietsch: Dwoaj

“Quark” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
^{The template Template:R:be:ESBM does not use the parameter(s): url=tvaroh
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Tsykhun, G. A., editor (2010), “тваро́г”, in Этымалагічны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Etymological Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), volumes 13 (су- – трапка́ч), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN
Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2006), “тва́рог”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 5 (Р – Т), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 530
Šanskij, N. M. (2004), “творог”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa
Chernykh, P. Ja. (1999), “творог”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 231
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “творог”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

^ Die slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages, volume 2 (2014, →ISBN)
^ Zhelekhivskyi, E. I., Nedilskyi, S., editors (1886), “тва́рог”, in Малоруско-нїмецкий словар [Ukrainian-German Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), volumes 2: П – Я, Lviv: Shevchenko Society, page 952

[1] Die slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages, volume 2 (2014, →ISBN)

[2] Zhelekhivskyi, E. I., Nedilskyi, S., editors (1886), “тва́рог”, in Малоруско-нїмецкий словар [Ukrainian-German Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), volumes 2: П – Я, Lviv: Shevchenko Society, page 952

[1]

[2]