Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/utro

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews-

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsér

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic *auštrā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic *utro

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *auštrā́ˀ (“dawn, morning”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsér (“of the dawn or morning, matutinal; eastern”), from *h₂ews- (“dawn; east”).

Baltic cognates include Lithuanian aušrà, dial. auštrà (“dawn”), Latvian àustra, aũstra (“dawn”). Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek αὔρᾱ (aúrā, “(esp. cool) breeze, fresh air of the morning”), Latin auster (“south wind”), Proto-Germanic *austrą (“east”), Proto-Germanic *Austrǭ (“Easter, springtime; name of a goddess”) (presumably from the goddess of the dawn, lust, fertility and spring, associated with the beginning of the year).

A variant *jutro appears in West Slavic, Slovenian and Serbo-Croatian, and is also attested in Old Church Slavonic, but considered secondary; there are further Slavic lexemes that display an alternation *ju- in West and South Slavic vs. *u- in East Slavic. Variants with *(j)ustr- point to *ustr- < *usr-,^[1] the loss of -s- being either due to dissimilation^[2] or perhaps due to the law of open syllables, if the -s- was variably assigned to the end of the first syllable. According to Kortlandt, the acute on the root implies a zero-grade variant (which would have parallels in Sanskrit उस्र (usrá-, “reddish, ruddy, bright, matutinal”), उस्रा (usrā́-, “dawn, morning”)), which, however, is not attested.^[3] The intrusive -t- is regular in Proto-Slavic, compare *ostrъ, *strumy.

Noun

*ùtro n^[4]

morning, dawn

Inflection

Declension of *ùtro (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ùtro	*ùtrě	*ùtra
genitive	*ùtra	*ùtru	*ùtrъ
dative	*ùtru	*ùtroma	*ùtromъ
accusative	*ùtro	*ùtrě	*ùtra
instrumental	ùtrъmь, ùtromь^*	*ùtroma	*ùtrȳ
locative	*ùtrě	*ùtru	*ùtrě̄xъ
vocative	*ùtro	*ùtrě	*ùtra

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

*na utrьje, *nautrьje
*neutro (“day after tomorrow”)
*utrьjь
*utrьnъ
- *utrьnica
*utro se
*za utra, *zautra
- *zautrъkъ

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: утро (utro)
  - Russian: у́тро (útro)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: оутро (utro), ютро (jutro)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⱆⱅⱃⱁ (utro), ⱓⱅⱃⱁ (jutro)
- Bulgarian: у́тро (útro); Bulgarian: ютру (jutru) (dialectal)
- Macedonian: утро (utro)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: ју̏тро
  
  Latin script: jȕtro
- Slovene: jútro (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: jutro
  - Czech: jitro
- Old Polish: jutro
  - Polish: jutro
  - Silesian: jutro
- Old Slovak: jutro
  - Pannonian Rusyn: ютре (jutre), ютро (jutro)
  - Slovak: jutro (obsolete)
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: witro, jitro, jutro, witre
  - Slovincian: wjitrô
- Polabian: jautrü
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: jutro
  - Lower Sorbian: jutšo

References

^ Lunt, Horace Gray (2001), Old Church Slavonic Grammar‎^[1], Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, retrieved 20 September 2017, page 221
^ Nieminen, Eino (1956), “Slavisch (j)ustro (j)utro und Verwandte”, in Scando-Slaviaca‎^[2], volume 2, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 13–28
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ȕtro”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510
^ Derksen (2008) has *ȕtro labeled as accent paradigm a. This appears to be a misprint for *ùtro, with old acute as is expected in accent paradigm a.

Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “утро”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jutro”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 200
Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1994), “*na jutrьje / *najutrьje”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 21 (*mъrskovatъjь – *nadějьnъjь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 191
Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1997), “*nejutro”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 24 (*navijati (sę)/*navivati (sę) – *nerodimъ(jь)), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 135

[1] Lunt, Horace Gray (2001), Old Church Slavonic Grammar‎^[1], Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, retrieved 20 September 2017, page 221

[Nieminen1956-2] Nieminen, Eino (1956), “Slavisch (j)ustro (j)utro und Verwandte”, in Scando-Slaviaca‎^[2], volume 2, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 13–28

[Derksen2008-3] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ȕtro”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510

[4] Derksen (2008) has *ȕtro labeled as accent paradigm a. This appears to be a misprint for *ùtro, with old acute as is expected in accent paradigm a.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]